Gradient-Based Learning Applied to Document Recognition

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121. S. Becker and Y. LeCun, “Improving the convergence of back-propagation learning with second-order methods,” Univ. Toronto Connectionist Res. Group, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Tech. Rep. CRG-TR-88-5, Sept. 1988. Yann LeCun (Member, IEEE) received the Diplôme d’Ingénieur degree from the Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieur en Electrotechnique et Electronique, Paris, in 1983 and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, in 1987. During his time at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, he proposed an early version of the back-propagation learning algorithm for neural networks. He joined the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada, as a Research Associate in 1987. In 1988, he joined the Adaptive Systems Research Department at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, where he worked on neural networks, machine learning, and handwriting recognition. In 1996 he became Head of the Image Processing Services Research Department at AT&T Labs-Research, Red Bank, NJ. He has published over 70 technical papers and book chapters on neural networks, machine learning, pattern recognition, handwriting recognition, document understanding, image processing, very large scale integration (VLSI) design, and information theory. In addition to the above topics, his current interests include video-based user interfaces, image compression, and content-based indexing of multimedia material. Dr. LeCun serves on the board of the Machine Learning Journal and has served as Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. He is General Chair of the “Machines That Learn” workshop, which has been held every year since 1986 in Snowbird, UT. He has served as Program Co-Chair of IJCNN’89, INNC’90, and NIPS’90, ’94, and ’95. He is a member of the IEEE Neural Network for Signal Processing Technical Committee. Léon Bottou received the Dipôme degree from Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, in 1987, the Magistère en Mathématiques Fondamentales et Appliquées et Informatiques degree from Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris in 1988, and the Ph.D. degree in computer science from Université de Paris-Sud in 1991. During his time at Université de Paris-Sud he worked on speech recognition and proposed a framework for stochastic gradient learning and global training. He then joined the Adaptive Systems Research Department at AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, where he worked on neural networks, statistical learning theory, and local learning algorithms. He returned to France in 1992 as a Research Engineer at ONERA. He then became Chairman of Neuristique S.A., a company that makes neural network simulators and traffic forecasting software. He returned to AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1995 where he worked on graph transformer networks for optical character recognition. He is now a Member of the Image Processing Services Research Department at AT&T Labs-Research, Red Bank, NJ. Besides learning algorithms, his current interests include arithmetic coding, image compression, and indexing. Yoshua Bengio received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada, in 1986, 1988, and 1991, respectively. In 1991–1992 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. In 1992 he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories, which later became AT&T Labs-Research, Red Bank, NJ. In 1993 he joined the faculty of the computer science department of the Université de Montréal, Montréal, P.Q., Canada, where he is now an Associate Professor. Since his first work on neural networks in 1986, his research interests have been centered around learning algorithms, especially for data with a sequential or spatial nature, such as speech, handwriting, and time-series. Patrick Haffner graduated from Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, in 1987 and from Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications (ENST), Paris, in 1989. He received the Ph.D degree in speech and signal processing from ENST in 1994. In 1988 and 1990, he worked on the design of the TDNN and the MS-TDNN architectures at ATR (Japan) and Carnegie Mellon University. From 1989 to 1995, as a Research Scientist for CNET/France-Télécom in Lannion, France, he developed connectionist learning algorithms for telephone speech recognition. In 1995, he joined AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, and worked on the application of optical character recognition and transducers to the processing of financial documents. In 1997, he joined the Image Processing Services Research Department at AT&T Labs-Research, Red Bank, NJ. His research interests include statistical and connectionist models for sequence recognition, machine learning, speech and image recognition, and information theory.