JLPT N5 — 10 Structured Lessons
10 structured lessons building JLPT N5 from zero: hiragana/katakana mastery, self-introduction, numbers, places, daily activities, shopping, adjectives, past tense, desires, and plans.
Ten progressive lessons guide you from zero to N5-ready. Each lesson covers new vocabulary, grammar focus, sample dialogues (with romaji and English), and practice exercises.
Lesson 1: Hiragana Mastery + First Greetings
Learning Objectives
- Read and write all 46 basic hiragana characters
- Use 10 core greetings and expressions correctly
- Understand when to use formal vs casual speech
Hiragana Chart
| — | a | i | u | e | o |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (none) | あ | い | う | え | お |
| k | か | き | く | け | こ |
| s | さ | し | す | せ | そ |
| t | た | ち | つ | て | と |
| n | な | に | ぬ | ね | の |
| h | は | ひ | ふ | へ | ほ |
| m | ま | み | む | め | も |
| y | や | — | ゆ | — | よ |
| r | ら | り | る | れ | ろ |
| w | わ | — | — | — | を |
| n | ん | — | — | — | — |
Voiced sounds: が行 (ga/gi/gu/ge/go), ざ行 (za/ji/zu/ze/zo), だ行 (da/ji/zu/de/do), ば行 (ba/bi/bu/be/bo)
P-sounds: ぱ行 (pa/pi/pu/pe/po)
Combined sounds (youon): きゃ (kya), きゅ (kyu), きょ (kyo); similarly for other consonant + や/ゆ/よ
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| おはようございます | ohayou gozaimasu | Good morning (polite) |
| おはよう | ohayou | Good morning (casual) |
| こんにちは | konnichiwa | Hello / Good afternoon |
| こんばんは | konbanwa | Good evening |
| おやすみなさい | oyasuminasai | Good night (polite) |
| さようなら | sayounara | Goodbye |
| ありがとうございます | arigatou gozaimasu | Thank you (polite) |
| すみません | sumimasen | Excuse me / I'm sorry |
| はい | hai | Yes |
| いいえ | iie | No |
| どうぞ | douzo | Please (go ahead); here you are |
| どうも | doumo | Thanks (casual) |
Grammar Focus
- Politeness levels: ございます (very polite), です/ます (standard polite), plain form (casual)
- Sentence-final particles: ね (seeking agreement), よ (asserting)
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Morning greeting
A: おはようございます。
B: おはようございます。今日もいい天気ですね。
A: そうですね!
A: Ohayou gozaimasu. — Good morning.
B: Ohayou gozaimasu. Kyou mo ii tenki desu ne. — Good morning. The weather is nice today too, isn't it.
A: Sou desu ne! — Yes, it is!
Dialogue 2: Meeting someone
A: こんにちは。
B: こんにちは。お元気ですか?
A: 元気です。ありがとうございます。あなたは?
B: 私も元気です。
A: Konnichiwa. — Hello.
B: Konnichiwa. Ogenki desu ka? — Hello. How are you?
A: Genki desu. Arigatou gozaimasu. Anata wa? — I'm fine, thank you. And you?
B: Watashi mo genki desu. — I'm also fine.
Dialogue 3: Ending the day
A: おやすみなさい。
B: おやすみなさい。また明日!
A: Oyasuminasai. — Good night.
B: Oyasuminasai. Mata ashita! — Good night. See you tomorrow!
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Fill in the blank (choose from the vocabulary above):
- In the morning, you say: ___________
- When you want to thank someone politely: ___________
- When you bump into someone or want to get their attention: ___________
- When someone says どうぞ and offers you something: ___________
Exercise 2 — Hiragana reading (write the romaji):
- あした → ___
- きょう → ___
- ありがとう → ___
- すみません → ___
- おはよう → ___
Exercise 3 — Write in hiragana:
- eki (station) → ___
- hana (flower) → ___
- terebi (television) → ___
- gohan (meal/rice) → ___
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- こんにちは is spelled with は (ha) but pronounced as "wa" — do NOT write こんにちわ
- Use おはようございます in the morning (until ~10-11am), こんにちは midday through afternoon, こんばんは in the evening
- さようなら is final and somewhat formal — じゃあね or またね are more common for "see you soon"
- すみません can mean both "excuse me" (getting attention) and "I'm sorry" (mild apology)
Lesson 2: Katakana Mastery + Loanwords
Learning Objectives
- Read and write all 46 basic katakana characters
- Recognize common loanwords (gairaigo) in Japanese
- Connect katakana to English source words
Katakana Chart
| — | a | i | u | e | o |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (none) | ア | イ | ウ | エ | オ |
| k | カ | キ | ク | ケ | コ |
| s | サ | シ | ス | セ | ソ |
| t | タ | チ | ツ | テ | ト |
| n | ナ | ニ | ヌ | ネ | ノ |
| h | ハ | ヒ | フ | ヘ | ホ |
| m | マ | ミ | ム | メ | モ |
| y | ヤ | — | ユ | — | ヨ |
| r | ラ | リ | ル | レ | ロ |
| w | ワ | — | — | — | ヲ |
| n | ン | — | — | — | — |
Long vowels: Use ー (elongation mark): コーヒー (koohii, coffee), テーブル (teeburu, table)
New Vocabulary (Common Loanwords)
| Katakana | Romaji | English origin | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| コーヒー | koohii | coffee | coffee |
| テレビ | terebi | television | TV |
| ラジオ | rajio | radio | radio |
| パソコン | pasokon | personal computer | PC |
| スマホ | sumaho | smartphone | smartphone |
| レストラン | resutoran | restaurant | restaurant |
| ホテル | hoteru | hotel | hotel |
| デパート | depaato | department store | department store |
| スーパー | suupaa | supermarket | supermarket |
| タクシー | takushii | taxi | taxi |
| バス | basu | bus | bus |
| バイク | baiku | bike | motorcycle |
| アイスクリーム | aisukuriimu | ice cream | ice cream |
| ケーキ | keeki | cake | cake |
| ジュース | juusu | juice | juice |
| ビール | biiru | beer | beer |
| カメラ | kamera | camera | camera |
| テーブル | teeburu | table | table |
| エアコン | eakon | air conditioner | air conditioner |
| シャツ | shatsu | shirt | shirt |
Grammar Focus
- Katakana elongation: ー marks a long vowel (コーヒー = ko-o-hi-i)
- Double consonants in katakana: ッ (small tsu) doubles the following consonant: ベッド (beddo, bed)
- Combined characters: ウィ (wi), ファ (fa), ティ (ti) for foreign sounds
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: At a café
ウェイター: いらっしゃいませ。何になさいますか?
客: コーヒーをください。
ウェイター: ホットですか、アイスですか?
客: ホットをください。
Ueitaa: Irasshaimase. Nani ni nasaimasu ka? — Welcome. What will you have?
Kyaku: Koohii o kudasai. — Please give me coffee.
Ueitaa: Hotto desu ka, aisu desu ka? — Hot or iced?
Kyaku: Hotto o kudasai. — Hot, please.
Dialogue 2: Recognizing loanwords
A: あのビルはデパートですか?
B: いいえ、ホテルです。デパートはそこです。
A: Ano biru wa depaato desu ka? — Is that building a department store?
B: Iie, hoteru desu. Depaato wa soko desu. — No, it's a hotel. The department store is there.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Match the katakana to the English:
- テレビ → ___
- レストラン → ___
- コーヒー → ___
- タクシー → ___
- カメラ → ___
Exercise 2 — Write in katakana:
- terebi → ___
- hoteru → ___
- suupaa → ___
- baiku → ___
- keeki → ___
Exercise 3 — Identify the loanword origin:
- パソコン → from "personal ___"
- スマホ → from "smart___"
- アイスクリーム → from "___"
- エアコン → from "air ___"
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- Long vowels in katakana use ー, not a repeated vowel: コーヒー (correct) vs コオヒイ (incorrect)
- Double consonants use ッ: ベッド (bed), カップ (cup), ビッグ (big)
- The small ャュョ in katakana work the same as in hiragana for combination sounds
- Some katakana words differ from their English origin: テレビ (TV, from "television"), パソコン (PC, from "personal computer" shortened)
Lesson 3: Self-Introduction (自己紹介)
Learning Objectives
- Introduce yourself (name, nationality, age, occupation)
- Use は〜です structure
- Ask and answer basic personal questions
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 私 | watashi | I; me |
| 名前 | namae | name |
| 国 | kuni | country |
| 出身 | shusshin | origin; hometown |
| 〜歳 | ~sai | ~ years old |
| 学生 | gakusei | student |
| 会社員 | kaishain | company employee |
| 先生 | sensei | teacher |
| はじめまして | hajimemashite | How do you do; Nice to meet you |
| よろしくお願いします | yoroshiku onegaishimasu | Please treat me well |
| どうぞよろしく | douzo yoroshiku | Nice to meet you (casual) |
| 〜から来ました | ~ kara kimashita | came from ~ |
| 〜語 | ~go | ~ language |
| 〜語を話します | ~ go o hanashimasu | I speak ~ |
| 趣味 | shumi | hobby |
| 好き | suki | like; fond of |
Grammar Focus
- 〜は〜です: X は Y です (X is Y)
- 〜から来ました: I came from ~
- 〜の学生です: I am a student at ~
- 〜歳です: I am ~ years old
- も: also, too (Xも Y です = X is also Y)
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: First meeting
A: はじめまして。私はマリアです。
B: はじめまして。田中です。よろしくお願いします。
A: こちらこそ、よろしくお願いします。どこから来ましたか?
B: 東京から来ました。マリアさんは?
A: ブラジルから来ました。
A: Hajimemashite. Watashi wa Maria desu. — How do you do. I am Maria.
B: Hajimemashite. Tanaka desu. Yoroshiku onegaishimasu. — How do you do. I'm Tanaka. Nice to meet you.
A: Kochira koso, yoroshiku onegaishimasu. Doko kara kimashita ka? — Likewise, nice to meet you. Where are you from?
B: Toukyou kara kimashita. Maria-san wa? — I came from Tokyo. And you, Maria?
A: Burajiru kara kimashita. — I came from Brazil.
Dialogue 2: More detail
A: 何の学生ですか?
B: 日本語の学生です。今、大学で日本語を勉強しています。
A: そうですか。何歳ですか?
B: 二十二歳です。
A: Nan no gakusei desu ka? — What kind of student are you?
B: Nihongo no gakusei desu. Ima, daigaku de nihongo o benkyou shite imasu. — I'm a Japanese language student. I'm currently studying Japanese at university.
A: Sou desu ka. Nansai desu ka? — Is that so. How old are you?
B: Nijuuni-sai desu. — I am 22 years old.
Dialogue 3: Hobbies
A: 趣味は何ですか?
B: 音楽を聴くことと、映画を見ることが好きです。
A: そうですか。私も映画が好きです。
A: Shumi wa nan desu ka? — What are your hobbies?
B: Ongaku o kiku koto to, eiga o miru koto ga suki desu. — I like listening to music and watching movies.
A: Sou desu ka. Watashi mo eiga ga suki desu. — Is that so. I also like movies.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Fill in about yourself:
- 私は___です。(your name)
- ___から来ました。(your country/city)
- ___歳です。(your age)
- ___の学生/会社員です。(your occupation/school)
Exercise 2 — Translate to Japanese:
- I am a student.
- I came from (your country).
- I am 25 years old.
- Nice to meet you.
- I like music.
Exercise 3 — Build sentences (rearrange these words):
- です / 田中 / 私 / は → ___
- 来ました / から / 東京 → ___
- 好きです / 音楽 / が / 私 / は → ___
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- In Japanese, family name (surname) comes first: 山田 田中 = Yamada Tanaka
- はじめまして is only used when meeting for the first time — never use it for someone you've already met
- よろしくお願いします literally means "please be good to me" — always used when meeting someone new or starting a relationship/transaction
- Age: use 〜歳 (sai); 20 years old has the special reading はたち (hatachi)
- When asked どこから来ましたか, you can answer with country (アメリカから来ました) or city (ニューヨークから来ました)
Lesson 4: Numbers, Time, and Dates
Learning Objectives
- Count from 0 to 10,000+
- Tell time (何時ですか)
- State dates and days of the week
- Use counters: 〜つ、〜人、〜本、〜枚
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 何時 | nanji | what time |
| 今 | ima | now |
| 〜時 | ~ji | o'clock |
| 〜分 | ~fun/pun | minutes |
| 午前 | gozen | AM |
| 午後 | gogo | PM |
| 半 | han | half |
| 〜曜日 | ~youbi | day of the week |
| 今日 | kyou | today |
| 明日 | ashita | tomorrow |
| 昨日 | kinou | yesterday |
| 〜月 | ~gatsu | month (name) |
| 〜日 | ~nichi/ka | date (day of month) |
| 誕生日 | tanjoubi | birthday |
| 何日 | nannichi | what date |
| 何月 | nangatsu | what month |
| 何曜日 | nanyoubi | what day of the week |
Grammar Focus
- 何時ですか: What time is it?
- 〜時〜分です: It is ~ o'clock ~ minutes
- Time + に: at ~ (specific time)
- から〜まで: from ~ to/until ~
Numbers and Counters Review
Basic numbers: 0=れい/ゼロ, 1=いち, 2=に, 3=さん, 4=し/よん, 5=ご, 6=ろく, 7=しち/なな, 8=はち, 9=く/きゅう, 10=じゅう, 100=ひゃく, 1000=せん, 10000=いちまん
Counting things (〜つ): 一つ(ひとつ), 二つ(ふたつ), 三つ(みっつ), 四つ(よっつ), 五つ(いつつ), 六つ(むっつ), 七つ(ななつ), 八つ(やっつ), 九つ(ここのつ), 十(とお)
People (〜人): 一人(ひとり), 二人(ふたり), 三人(さんにん), 四人(よにん), 五人(ごにん), 何人(なんにん)
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: What time is it?
A: すみません、今何時ですか?
B: 午後三時十五分です。
A: ありがとうございます。
A: Sumimasen, ima nanji desu ka? — Excuse me, what time is it now?
B: Gogo sanji juugo-fun desu. — It's 3:15 PM.
A: Arigatou gozaimasu. — Thank you.
Dialogue 2: Schedule
A: 授業は何時から何時までですか?
B: 九時から十時半までです。
A: 昼ご飯は何時ですか?
B: 十二時です。
A: Jugyou wa nanji kara nanji made desu ka? — What time is class, from what time to what time?
B: Kuji kara juuji han made desu. — From 9 to 10:30.
A: Hirugohan wa nanji desu ka? — What time is lunch?
B: Juuji desu. — It's 12 o'clock.
Dialogue 3: Dates
A: 今日は何月何日ですか?
B: 五月三十日です。
A: 何曜日ですか?
B: 金曜日です。
A: 誕生日はいつですか?
B: 七月七日です。
A: Kyou wa nangatsu nannichi desu ka? — What is today's date?
B: Gogatsu sanjuunichi desu. — It's May 30th.
A: Nanyoubi desu ka? — What day of the week is it?
B: Kin-youbi desu. — It's Friday.
A: Tanjoubi wa itsu desu ka? — When is your birthday?
B: Shichigatsu nanoka desu. — It's July 7th.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Write the time in Japanese:
- 9:00 AM → ___
- 3:30 PM → ___
- 12:45 → ___
- 7:15 AM → ___
Exercise 2 — Write the date in Japanese:
- January 1st → ___
- March 3rd → ___
- August 15th → ___
- December 25th → ___
Exercise 3 — Counting:
- 3 books (本) → ___
- 5 people → ___
- 2 pencils → ___
- 4 flat things (枚) → ___
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- に is used with specific time: 三時に来ます (I'll come at 3). Do NOT use に with 今日、明日、毎日, など
- Special day readings: 1日=ついたち, 2日=ふつか, 3日=みっか, 4日=よっか, 14日=じゅうよっか, 20日=はつか, 24日=にじゅうよっか
- 4 can be し or よん; in phone numbers and floors, よん is safer; し sounds like 死 (death) so よん is preferred in some contexts
- 7 can be しち or なな; 七月 is しちがつ but 七時 is しちじ; 七人 is しちにん or ななにん
Lesson 5: Places and Directions
Learning Objectives
- Ask where places are (〜はどこですか)
- Say there is/isn't something somewhere (あります/います)
- Describe position using location words
- Ask and give basic directions
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 駅 | eki | station |
| 学校 | gakkou | school |
| 病院 | byouin | hospital |
| 銀行 | ginkou | bank |
| 郵便局 | yuubinkyoku | post office |
| スーパー | suupaa | supermarket |
| 公園 | kouen | park |
| 交差点 | kousaten | intersection |
| 信号 | shingou | traffic light |
| 右 | migi | right |
| 左 | hidari | left |
| 真っ直ぐ | massugu | straight ahead |
| 曲がる | magaru | to turn |
| 渡る | wataru | to cross |
| 近い | chikai | near |
| 遠い | tooi | far |
| 上 | ue | above; on top |
| 下 | shita | below; under |
| 隣 | tonari | next to |
| 前 | mae | in front |
| 後ろ | ushiro | behind |
Grammar Focus
- 〜はどこですか: Where is ~?
- 〜にあります/います: ~ is at/in ~ (existence)
- Position words + の + object: object's position
- 〜に行きます: I go to ~
- 〜まで: as far as; to
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Asking for directions
A: すみません、駅はどこですか?
B: あそこです。あの交差点を右に曲がってください。
A: 遠いですか?
B: いいえ、近いです。歩いて五分ぐらいです。
A: ありがとうございます。
A: Sumimasen, eki wa doko desu ka? — Excuse me, where is the station?
B: Asoko desu. Ano kousaten o migi ni magatte kudasai. — It's over there. Please turn right at that intersection.
A: Tooi desu ka? — Is it far?
B: Iie, chikai desu. Aruite go-fun gurai desu. — No, it's close. About 5 minutes on foot.
A: Arigatou gozaimasu. — Thank you.
Dialogue 2: Where is something?
A: すみません、トイレはどこですか?
B: 二階にあります。エレベーターを使ってください。
A: エレベーターはどこですか?
B: あそこです。あの窓の左にあります。
A: Sumimasen, toire wa doko desu ka? — Excuse me, where is the restroom?
B: Nikai ni arimasu. Erebeetaa o tsukatte kudasai. — It's on the 2nd floor. Please use the elevator.
A: Erebeetaa wa doko desu ka? — Where is the elevator?
B: Asoko desu. Ano mado no hidari ni arimasu. — It's over there. It's to the left of that window.
Dialogue 3: Describing a room
A: 部屋に何がありますか?
B: 机とベッドとテレビがあります。
A: 猫がいますか?
B: はい、猫が一匹います。椅子の下にいます。
A: Heya ni nani ga arimasu ka? — What is in the room?
B: Tsukue to beddo to terebi ga arimasu. — There is a desk, bed, and TV.
A: Neko ga imasu ka? — Is there a cat?
B: Hai, neko ga ippiki imasu. Isu no shita ni imasu. — Yes, there is one cat. It is under the chair.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Describe positions (using the picture in your mind: a desk with items on it):
- The book is on the desk. → ___
- The cat is under the chair. → ___
- The station is in front of the school. → ___
- The bank is next to the post office. → ___
Exercise 2 — Translate:
- Where is the hospital?
- There is a supermarket near here.
- Please turn left at the traffic light.
- The park is straight ahead.
Exercise 3 — Q&A practice (answer with a full sentence):
- 公園はどこですか?(It's over there.)
- 猫はどこにいますか?(It's on the desk.)
- 銀行はありますか?(Yes, there is one next to the station.)
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- あります vs います: inanimate things (desk, book) → あります; animate beings (person, cat) → います
- Location comes BEFORE あります/います: 机の上に本があります (NOT 本があります机の上に)
- に marks the location of existence; で marks the location of action: 公園にいます (in the park, stationary) vs 公園で遊びます (play in the park, action)
- To ask about multiple locations in one sentence: どこにありますか / どこにいますか — the final か goes at the very end
Lesson 6: Daily Activities
Learning Objectives
- Talk about your daily routine
- Use transitive verbs with を
- Connect multiple activities with て-form
- Use 〜ています for ongoing actions
- Express time with 毎日、〜時に, etc.
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 起きる | okiru | to wake up |
| 寝る | neru | to sleep; go to bed |
| 食べる | taberu | to eat |
| 飲む | nomu | to drink |
| 行く | iku | to go |
| 来る | kuru | to come |
| 帰る | kaeru | to return home |
| 勉強する | benkyou suru | to study |
| 仕事する | shigoto suru | to work |
| 見る | miru | to watch; see |
| 聞く | kiku | to listen; hear |
| 読む | yomu | to read |
| 書く | kaku | to write |
| 話す | hanasu | to speak |
| 洗う | arau | to wash |
| シャワーを浴びる | shawaa o abiru | to take a shower |
| 着る | kiru | to wear (upper body) |
| 散歩する | sanpo suru | to take a walk |
| 毎日 | mainichi | every day |
| 朝 | asa | morning |
| 昼 | hiru | noon; daytime |
| 夜 | yoru | night |
Grammar Focus
- Verb + ます/ました/ません (polite present/past/negative)
- を + transitive verb
- て-form connecting actions sequentially
- 〜ています (ongoing action)
- Time words: 毎日, 〜時に, etc.
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Daily routine
A: 毎朝、何時に起きますか?
B: 七時に起きます。
A: 朝ご飯を食べますか?
B: はい、食べます。パンとコーヒーを飲みます。
A: 何時に学校に行きますか?
B: 八時半に行きます。
A: Maiasa, nanji ni okimasu ka? — Every morning, what time do you wake up?
B: Shichiji ni okimasu. — I wake up at 7 o'clock.
A: Asagohan o tabemasu ka? — Do you eat breakfast?
B: Hai, tabemasu. Pan to koohii o nomimasu. — Yes, I eat. I eat bread and drink coffee.
A: Nanji ni gakkou ni ikimasu ka? — What time do you go to school?
B: Hachiji han ni ikimasu. — I go at 8:30.
Dialogue 2: What are you doing now?
A: 今、何をしていますか?
B: 日本語を勉強しています。
A: 毎日勉強しますか?
B: はい、毎日一時間勉強します。
A: Ima, nani o shite imasu ka? — What are you doing now?
B: Nihongo o benkyou shite imasu. — I am studying Japanese.
A: Mainichi benkyou shimasu ka? — Do you study every day?
B: Hai, mainichi ichijikan benkyou shimasu. — Yes, I study for one hour every day.
Dialogue 3: Yesterday
A: 昨日、何をしましたか?
B: 友達と映画を見ました。それから、レストランで夕ご飯を食べました。
A: 何の映画を見ましたか?
B: アクション映画を見ました。面白かったです。
A: Kinou, nani o shimashita ka? — What did you do yesterday?
B: Tomodachi to eiga o mimashita. Sore kara, resutoran de yuugohan o tabemashita. — I watched a movie with a friend. Then, I ate dinner at a restaurant.
A: Nani no eiga o mimashita ka? — What kind of movie did you watch?
B: Akushon eiga o mimashita. Omoshirokatta desu. — I watched an action movie. It was interesting.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Describe your typical day (write 5 sentences in Japanese about what you do each day)
Exercise 2 — Translate:
- I wake up at 6:30 every morning.
- I eat breakfast at 7 o'clock.
- I go to school by train.
- I study Japanese for two hours.
- I go to bed at 11 o'clock.
Exercise 3 — Use the て-form (combine these actions into one sentence):
- Wake up → brush teeth → eat breakfast
- Go to school → study → come home
- Eat dinner → watch TV → sleep
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- を marks the direct object: パンを食べます (eat bread), 日本語を勉強します (study Japanese)
- で marks where the action takes place: レストランで食べます (eat at a restaurant)
- Sequential actions with て-form: 起きて、シャワーを浴びて、ご飯を食べます (wake up, shower, eat breakfast)
- ています for ongoing: 今、食べています (I am eating now) — includes the specific "now" context
- 毎日、毎朝、毎週 do NOT take に (no specific time point, just a recurring pattern)
Lesson 7: Shopping and Prices
Learning Objectives
- Ask and state prices (いくらですか)
- Request items in a store (〜をください)
- Use counters appropriately
- Understand shopping vocabulary
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| いくら | ikura | how much |
| 〜円 | ~en | ~ yen |
| 高い | takai | expensive |
| 安い | yasui | cheap |
| 買う | kau | to buy |
| 売る | uru | to sell |
| あげる | ageru | to give |
| もらう | morau | to receive |
| 払う | harau | to pay |
| おつり | otsuri | change (money) |
| レシート | reshiito | receipt |
| 袋 | fukuro | bag; sack |
| お願いします | onegaishimasu | please (requesting) |
| ちょっと | chotto | a little; just a moment |
| 見せる | miseru | to show |
| 試着する | shichaku suru | to try on (clothes) |
| 大きい | ookii | big |
| 小さい | chiisai | small |
| 色 | iro | color |
| 他 | hoka | other; another |
| ください | kudasai | please give me |
Grammar Focus
- 〜はいくらですか: How much is ~?
- 〜をください: Please give me ~
- 〜円です: It's ~ yen
- Counter + ください: Please give me [number] of ~
- これ/それ/あれ: this/that/that over there
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: At a fruit stand
店員: いらっしゃいませ!
客: このりんごはいくらですか?
店員: 一個百円です。
客: 三つください。
店員: はい、三百円です。
客: (pays) どうぞ。
店員: ありがとうございます。二百円のおつりです。
Tenin: Irasshaimase! — Welcome!
Kyaku: Kono ringo wa ikura desu ka? — How much is this apple?
Tenin: Ikko hyaku-en desu. — It's 100 yen each.
Kyaku: Mittsu kudasai. — Please give me three.
Tenin: Hai, sanbyaku-en desu. — Yes, that's 300 yen.
(pays) Douzo. — Here you go.
Tenin: Arigatou gozaimasu. Nihyaku-en no otsuri desu. — Thank you. Here is 200 yen change.
Dialogue 2: Clothing store
客: このシャツを見せてください。
店員: はい、どうぞ。
客: いくらですか?
店員: 三千円です。
客: 他の色はありますか?
店員: 白と青があります。
客: じゃあ、白をください。
Kyaku: Kono shatsu o misete kudasai. — Please show me this shirt.
Tenin: Hai, douzo. — Yes, here you are.
Kyaku: Ikura desu ka? — How much is it?
Tenin: Sanzen-en desu. — It's 3,000 yen.
Kyaku: Hoka no iro wa arimasu ka? — Are there other colors?
Tenin: Shiro to ao ga arimasu. — There are white and blue.
Kyaku: Jaa, shiro o kudasai. — Then, please give me the white one.
Dialogue 3: Total price
客: これとこれをください。全部でいくらですか?
店員: 二千五百円です。
客: はい、三千円です。
店員: ありがとうございます。五百円のおつりです。
客: ありがとうございます。
Kyaku: Kore to kore o kudasai. Zenbu de ikura desu ka? — Please give me this and this. How much is it in total?
Tenin: Nisen gohyaku-en desu. — It's 2,500 yen.
Kyaku: Hai, sanzen-en desu. — Here is 3,000 yen.
Tenin: Arigatou gozaimasu. Gohyaku-en no otsuri desu. — Thank you. Here is 500 yen in change.
Kyaku: Arigatou gozaimasu. — Thank you.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Calculate and say the total in Japanese:
- 3 apples × 100 yen = ___
- 2 notebooks × 150 yen = ___
- 1 shirt (1,500 yen) + 1 skirt (2,000 yen) = ___
Exercise 2 — How would you say these in a store?:
- How much is this?
- Please give me two of these.
- Do you have a smaller size?
- I'll take this one.
Exercise 3 — Role-play (write out both sides of the conversation for buying 4 bananas at 80 yen each):
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- いくら asks about price; いくつ asks about quantity; 何人 asks about number of people
- ください after a noun + を means "please give me": 水をください (Please give me water)
- ください after a て-form verb means "please do": 見せてください (Please show me)
- Japanese stores say いらっしゃいませ (welcome) — you do NOT need to respond to this
- Prices: 500円 = ごひゃくえん, 1,000円 = せんえん, 5,000円 = ごせんえん, 10,000円 = いちまんえん
Lesson 8: Describing Things (Adjectives)
Learning Objectives
- Use い-adjectives and な-adjectives in sentences
- Make negative and past adjective forms
- Connect adjectives with て-form
- Describe people, places, and things
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 大きい | ookii | big |
| 小さい | chiisai | small |
| 高い | takai | expensive; tall |
| 安い | yasui | cheap |
| 新しい | atarashii | new |
| 古い | furui | old (things) |
| 面白い | omoshiroi | interesting; funny |
| つまらない | tsumaranai | boring |
| 難しい | muzukashii | difficult |
| 易しい | yasashii | easy |
| 暑い | atsui | hot (weather) |
| 寒い | samui | cold (weather) |
| きれい(な) | kirei (na) | pretty; clean |
| 静か(な) | shizuka (na) | quiet |
| 賑やか(な) | nigiyaka (na) | lively |
| 有名(な) | yuumei (na) | famous |
| 元気(な) | genki (na) | healthy; energetic |
| 好き(な) | suki (na) | liked; favorite |
| 嫌い(な) | kirai (na) | disliked |
| 便利(な) | benri (na) | convenient |
Grammar Focus
- い-adj conjugation: 〜い (present), 〜くない (negative), 〜かった (past), 〜くなかった (neg. past)
- な-adj conjugation: 〜だ/です (present), 〜じゃない (negative), 〜だった (past)
- て-form of adjectives: い-adj (〜くて), な-adj (〜で)
- 〜が好きです / 〜が嫌いです
- Adjective + Noun modification
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Describing a city
A: 東京はどんな町ですか?
B: 大きくて、賑やかです。でも、高いです。
A: 大阪はどうですか?
B: 大阪も大きいですが、東京ほど高くないです。食べ物もおいしいです。
A: どちらが好きですか?
B: 私は大阪の方が好きです。
A: Toukyou wa donna machi desu ka? — What kind of city is Tokyo?
B: Ookikute, nigiyaka desu. Demo, takai desu. — It's big and lively. But it's expensive.
A: Oosaka wa dou desu ka? — How about Osaka?
B: Oosaka mo ookii desu ga, Toukyou hodo takakunai desu. Tabemono mo oishii desu. — Osaka is also big, but not as expensive as Tokyo. The food is also delicious.
A: Dochira ga suki desu ka? — Which do you like?
B: Watashi wa Oosaka no hou ga suki desu. — I like Osaka better.
Dialogue 2: Describing a movie
A: その映画はどうでしたか?
B: とても面白かったです!長かったですが、つまらなくなかったです。
A: 怖かったですか?
B: いいえ、怖くなかったです。アクション映画です。
A: Sono eiga wa dou deshita ka? — How was that movie?
B: Totemo omoshirokatta desu! Nagakatta desu ga, tsumaranaku nakatta desu. — It was very interesting! It was long, but not boring.
A: Kowakatta desu ka? — Was it scary?
B: Iie, kowaku nakatta desu. Akushon eiga desu. — No, it wasn't scary. It's an action movie.
Dialogue 3: About preferences
A: 日本語の勉強はどうですか?
B: 難しいですが、面白いです。漢字は特に難しいです。
A: どんな勉強が好きですか?
B: 会話の練習が一番好きです。文法はあまり好きじゃないです。
A: Nihongo no benkyou wa dou desu ka? — How is your Japanese study?
B: Muzukashii desu ga, omoshiroi desu. Kanji wa toku ni muzukashii desu. — It's difficult but interesting. Kanji are especially difficult.
A: Donna benkyou ga suki desu ka? — What kind of studying do you like?
B: Kaiwa no renshuu ga ichiban suki desu. Bunpou wa amari suki ja nai desu. — I like conversation practice the most. I don't like grammar very much.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Conjugate these adjectives (fill in all forms):
- 大きい: negative=, past=, negative past=___
- 静か: negative=, past=, negative past=___
- 良い/いい: negative=, past=, negative past=___
Exercise 2 — Describe using て-form (combine with and):
- big and expensive → ___
- pretty and quiet → ___
- interesting and easy → ___
Exercise 3 — Translate:
- This restaurant is not expensive.
- Yesterday's exam was difficult.
- Tokyo is big and lively.
- I don't like cold weather.
- She is kind and pretty.
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- The て-form of い-adj ends in 〜くて: 大きくて (NOT 大きくで)
- The て-form of な-adj ends in 〜で: きれいで (NOT きれいくて)
- Negative of 良い/いい: NEVER いくない — always よくない
- な-adjectives require な before a noun: きれいな部屋 (pretty room) BUT きれいです (it's pretty) — no な at sentence end
- あまり always pairs with a negative: あまり好きじゃないです (I don't like it very much) — NOT あまり好きです
Lesson 9: Past Tense
Learning Objectives
- Use past tense for verbs (ました/ませんでした)
- Use past tense for adjectives and nouns (かった/でした)
- Talk about past events and experiences
- Use time words: 昨日、先週、去年, etc.
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 昨日 | kinou | yesterday |
| 先週 | senshuu | last week |
| 先月 | sengetsu | last month |
| 去年 | kyonen | last year |
| 〜前 | ~mae | ~ ago |
| さっき | sakki | a little while ago |
| もう | mou | already |
| まだ | mada | still; not yet |
| 〜たことがある | ~ta koto ga aru | have done ~ before |
| 初めて | hajimete | for the first time |
| また | mata | again |
| 楽しかった | tanoshikatta | it was fun |
| 疲れた | tsukareta | I got tired |
| 大変だった | taihen datta | it was tough/hard |
| 〜に行ったことがある | ~ni itta koto ga aru | have been to ~ |
Grammar Focus
- ました/ませんでした (polite past/neg past)
- い-adj past: 〜かった/〜くなかった
- な-adj/noun past: 〜でした/〜じゃなかった
- もう〜ました (already done) vs まだ〜ていません (not yet)
- Time words with past tense
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Talking about last weekend
A: 先週末、何をしましたか?
B: 友達と大阪に行きました。
A: 大阪は初めてでしたか?
B: いいえ、二回目でした。とても楽しかったです。
A: 何を食べましたか?
B: たこ焼きを食べました。美味しかったです!
A: Senshuumatsu, nani o shimashita ka? — What did you do last weekend?
B: Tomodachi to Oosaka ni ikimashita. — I went to Osaka with a friend.
A: Oosaka wa hajimete deshita ka? — Was it your first time in Osaka?
B: Iie, nikai-me deshita. Totemo tanoshikatta desu. — No, it was my second time. It was very fun.
A: Nani o tabemashita ka? — What did you eat?
B: Takoyaki o tabemashita. Oishikatta desu! — I ate takoyaki. It was delicious!
Dialogue 2: Yesterday's activities
A: 昨日、図書館に行きましたか?
B: いいえ、行きませんでした。家で勉強しました。
A: 宿題は終わりましたか?
B: はい、もう終わりました。三時間かかりました。
A: 大変でしたね。
A: Kinou, toshokan ni ikimashita ka? — Did you go to the library yesterday?
B: Iie, ikimasen deshita. Ie de benkyou shimashita. — No, I didn't. I studied at home.
A: Shukudai wa owarimashita ka? — Did you finish your homework?
B: Hai, mou owarimashita. Sanjikan kakarimashita. — Yes, I already finished. It took 3 hours.
A: Taihen deshita ne. — That must have been tough.
Dialogue 3: Experiences
A: 日本に行ったことがありますか?
B: はい、去年の夏に行きました。
A: 富士山に登りましたか?
B: いいえ、登りませんでした。でも、見ました。きれいでした。
A: 日本の食べ物はどうでしたか?
B: とても美味しかったです。特に寿司が好きでした。
A: Nihon ni itta koto ga arimasu ka? — Have you ever been to Japan?
B: Hai, kyonen no natsu ni ikimashita. — Yes, I went last summer.
A: Fujisan ni noborimashita ka? — Did you climb Mt. Fuji?
B: Iie, noborimasen deshita. Demo, mimashita. Kirei deshita. — No, I didn't. But I saw it. It was beautiful.
A: Nihon no tabemono wa dou deshita ka? — How was the food in Japan?
B: Totemo oishikatta desu. Toku ni sushi ga suki deshita. — It was very delicious. I especially liked sushi.
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Change to past tense:
- 食べます → ___
- 行きます → ___
- 大きいです → ___
- 静かです → ___
- 学生です → ___
Exercise 2 — Change to negative past:
- 食べました → ___
- 行きました → ___
- 大きかったです → ___
Exercise 3 — Translate:
- Last week I saw a movie.
- The exam was difficult.
- I didn't eat breakfast yesterday.
- It was my first time in Tokyo.
- I already finished. (もう〜ました)
Exercise 4 — Write about your past week (5 sentences in Japanese about what you did):
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- 食べませんでした = I didn't eat (polite negative past) — do NOT say 食べませんたor mix forms
- い-adjective past: 大きかった (NEVER 大きいでした) — い-adjectives never use でした for past
- な-adjective/noun past: 元気でした (not 元気かった) — na-adj and nouns DO use でした
- もう + past verb = already done; まだ + ていません = not yet done
- 〜たことがある = have done before (experience): 食べたことがあります (I have eaten it before)
Lesson 10: Expressing Desires and Plans
Learning Objectives
- Express what you want to do (〜たい)
- Express what you want (〜がほしい)
- Make invitations and suggestions (〜ましょう/〜ませんか)
- Make polite requests (〜てください)
- Talk about future plans
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|
| 〜たい | ~tai | want to do ~ |
| ほしい | hoshii | want (something) |
| 〜ましょう | ~mashou | let's ~ |
| 〜ませんか | ~masen ka | won't you ~? |
| つもりです | tsumori desu | intend to; plan to |
| 予定 | yotei | schedule; plan |
| 将来 | shourai | future; someday |
| 夢 | yume | dream |
| いつか | itsuka | someday |
| ぜひ | zehi | by all means; definitely |
| 一緒に | issho ni | together |
| どうですか | dou desu ka | how about ~? |
| よかったら | yokattara | if you'd like; if it's okay |
| 〜てみる | ~te miru | try doing ~ |
| 〜てみませんか | ~te mimasen ka | would you like to try ~? |
Grammar Focus
- V-stem + たい: want to do
- Noun + がほしい: want (a thing)
- V-stem + ましょう: let's ~
- V-stem + ませんか: invitation (won't you ~?)
- Plain form + つもりです: I intend to ~
Sample Dialogues
Dialogue 1: Future plans
A: 将来、何をしたいですか?
B: 日本語の先生になりたいです。
A: そうですか。どこで教えたいですか?
B: ベトナムで教えたいです。日本語を広めたいです。
A: 素晴らしいですね!応援しています。
A: Shourai, nani o shitai desu ka? — What do you want to do in the future?
B: Nihongo no sensei ni naritai desu. — I want to become a Japanese teacher.
A: Sou desu ka. Doko de oshietai desu ka? — Is that so. Where do you want to teach?
B: Betonamu de oshietai desu. Nihongo o hirometa i desu. — I want to teach in Vietnam. I want to spread Japanese.
A: Subarashii desu ne! Ouen shite imasu. — That's wonderful! I'm cheering for you.
Dialogue 2: Making plans together
A: 今週末、映画を見ませんか?
B: いいですね!何の映画がいいですか?
A: アクション映画はどうですか?
B: 私はロマンスの方が好きですが...
A: じゃあ、どちらでもいいですよ。一緒に選びましょう。
B: ありがとうございます。楽しみにしています!
A: Konshuumatsu, eiga o mimasen ka? — This weekend, would you like to see a movie?
B: Ii desu ne! Nani no eiga ga ii desu ka? — Sounds good! What kind of movie is good?
A: Akushon eiga wa dou desu ka? — How about an action movie?
B: Watashi wa romansu no hou ga suki desu ga... — I prefer romance, but...
A: Jaa, dochira demo ii desu yo. Issho ni erabimashou. — Well, either is fine. Let's choose together.
B: Arigatou gozaimasu. Tanoshimi ni shite imasu! — Thank you. I'm looking forward to it!
Dialogue 3: Wants and wishes
A: 何がほしいですか?
B: 新しいパソコンがほしいです。今のは古くて、遅いです。
A: どんなパソコンがほしいですか?
B: 軽くて、速いパソコンがほしいです。
A: 誕生日に買ってあげましょうか?
B: 本当ですか?嬉しいです!
A: Nani ga hoshii desu ka? — What do you want?
B: Atarashii pasokon ga hoshii desu. Ima no wa furukute, osoi desu. — I want a new computer. The current one is old and slow.
A: Donna pasokon ga hoshii desu ka? — What kind of computer do you want?
B: Karukute, hayai pasokon ga hoshii desu. — I want a light and fast computer.
A: Tanjoubi ni katte agemashou ka? — Shall I buy it for your birthday?
B: Hontou desu ka? Ureshii desu! — Really? I'm so happy!
Practice Exercises
Exercise 1 — Express your wishes (use 〜たい or 〜がほしい):
- I want to eat sushi.
- I want to go to Japan.
- I want a new phone.
- I want to speak Japanese well.
- I want free time.
Exercise 2 — Make invitations (using 〜ませんか or 〜ましょう):
- Invite someone to eat lunch together.
- Suggest going to the park.
- Ask if someone wants to study together.
Exercise 3 — Translate:
- I intend to go to Japan next year.
- What do you want to do in the future?
- Let's try this new restaurant.
- Would you like to come with me?
- I want a bigger bag.
Exercise 4 — Writing task: Write a short paragraph (5-7 sentences) about your future plans and wishes. Include: what you want to do, where you want to go, what you want to have, and one invitation to a friend.
Key Points and Common Mistakes
- たい (want to do) conjugates like an い-adjective: たい, たくない, たかった, たくなかった
- たい uses が OR を for the object: 寿司が食べたい / 寿司を食べたい — both are correct
- ほしい (want a thing) ALWAYS uses が: 本がほしい (NOT 本をほしい)
- Do NOT use たい or ほしい for third-person wants directly — say 〜たがっています (he seems to want to...)
- ましょう (let's!) is a declaration; ませんか (won't you?) is an invitation/question — use ませんか when genuinely asking the other person
- つもりです expresses a firm intention/plan; たいです expresses a desire/wish
Putting It All Together: N5 Study Flow
Recommended Study Order
- Week 1–2: Complete Lessons 1–2 (hiragana + katakana — essential foundation)
- Week 3–4: Lessons 3–4 (basic sentences, self-introduction, numbers, time)
- Week 5–6: Lessons 5–6 (places, daily activities — verb usage)
- Week 7–8: Lessons 7–8 (shopping, adjectives — practical application)
- Week 9–10: Lessons 9–10 (past tense, desires, plans — time axis)
- Week 11–12: Review all lessons + practice dialogues + mock tests
- Week 13+: Focus on weak areas, increase listening practice, add kanji
Self-Assessment Checklist After All 10 Lessons
- Can read all hiragana without hesitation
- Can read all katakana without hesitation
- Can introduce myself (name, nationality, age, job, hobbies)
- Can tell time and state dates
- Can ask for and give directions
- Can describe daily routines
- Can shop and ask about prices
- Can describe things using adjectives
- Can talk about past events
- Can express wishes and make plans/invitations
- Know at least 400–500 of the N5 vocabulary words
- Can recognize at least 60–70 of the 103 N5 kanji
- Understand ~60–70 of the 100 N5 grammar points