#physics
85. Astronomy and Astrophysics
This volume studies celestial objects, their dynamics, and the physical processes governing the universe. It connects observation, theory, and computation. Part I. Observational Foundations Chapter 1. The Celestial Sphere 1.1 Coordinate systems 1.2 Angular measurements 1.3 Time and calendars 1.4 Observational geometry 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Telescopes and Detectors 2.1 Optical systems 2.2 Radio telescopes 2.3 Detectors and sensors 2.4 Resolution and sensitivity 2.5 Examples Chapter 3. Radiation and Spectra...
83. Relativity and Gravitational Theory
This volume studies spacetime structure, relativistic physics, and gravitation. It develops both special and general relativity with geometric and analytical methods. Part I. Special Relativity Chapter 1. Space and Time 1.1 Inertial frames 1.2 Galilean transformations 1.3 Postulates of relativity 1.4 Spacetime viewpoint 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Lorentz Transformations 2.1 Derivation 2.2 Time dilation 2.3 Length contraction 2.4 Velocity addition 2.5 Examples Chapter 3. Relativistic Mechanics 3.1 Four-vectors 3.2 Energy...
81. Quantum Theory
This volume develops quantum mechanics and its mathematical structure. It emphasizes Hilbert space methods, operators, and physical interpretation. Part I. Foundations Chapter 1. Quantum States 1.1 Wave functions 1.2 Hilbert space formulation 1.3 Probability interpretation 1.4 Normalization 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Observables and Operators 2.1 Linear operators 2.2 Self-adjoint operators 2.3 Spectral decomposition 2.4 Measurement postulates 2.5 Examples Chapter 3. Schrödinger Equation 3.1 Time-dependent equation 3.2 Time-independent equation 3.3 Boundary...
82. Statistical Mechanics, Structure of Matter
This volume develops statistical descriptions of many-particle systems. It connects microscopic models with macroscopic thermodynamic behavior. Part I. Foundations Chapter 1. Microstates and Macrostates 1.1 Configuration space 1.2 Phase space 1.3 Macroscopic observables 1.4 Counting states 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Probability in Physics 2.1 Ensembles 2.2 Statistical averages 2.3 Ergodic hypothesis (overview) 2.4 Fluctuations 2.5 Examples Chapter 3. Entropy and Information 3.1 Statistical entropy 3.2 Boltzmann entropy 3.3 Gibbs entropy...
86. Geophysics
This volume studies the physical processes of the Earth, including its structure, dynamics, and fields. It integrates mechanics, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and wave propagation. Part I. Structure of the Earth Chapter 1. Earth Composition 1.1 Layers: crust, mantle, core 1.2 Chemical composition 1.3 Density and pressure profiles 1.4 Methods of inference 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Geophysical Fields 2.1 Gravitational field 2.2 Magnetic field 2.3 Heat flow 2.4 Geoid and anomalies...
80. Classical Thermodynamics, Heat Transfer
This volume studies macroscopic energy, heat, and thermodynamic systems. It develops fundamental laws, transport processes, and engineering applications. Part I. Foundations of Thermodynamics Chapter 1. Thermodynamic Systems 1.1 Systems and surroundings 1.2 State variables 1.3 Equilibrium 1.4 Processes 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 2.1 Energy conservation 2.2 Work and heat 2.3 Internal energy 2.4 Applications 2.5 Examples Chapter 3. Second Law of Thermodynamics 3.1 Entropy 3.2 Irreversibility...
70. Mechanics of Particles and Systems
This volume develops classical mechanics using analytical methods. It studies motion of particles and systems under forces, emphasizing geometric and variational formulations. Part I. Foundations Chapter 1. Kinematics 1.1 Position, velocity, acceleration 1.2 Coordinate systems 1.3 Relative motion 1.4 Examples 1.5 Applications Chapter 2. Newtonian Mechanics 2.1 Newton’s laws 2.2 Force and mass 2.3 Equations of motion 2.4 Examples 2.5 Applications Chapter 3. Work and Energy 3.1 Work 3.2 Kinetic...
74. Mechanics of Deformable Solids
This volume studies the behavior of solid materials under deformation. It develops continuum mechanics, elasticity, plasticity, and modern computational methods. Part I. Foundations of Continuum Mechanics Chapter 1. Continuum Description 1.1 Material points and bodies 1.2 Reference and current configurations 1.3 Deformation maps 1.4 Kinematics of motion 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Stress and Strain 2.1 Strain measures 2.2 Stress tensors 2.3 Cauchy stress 2.4 Balance laws 2.5 Examples Chapter 3....
76. Fluid Mechanics
This volume studies the motion of fluids and the forces acting on them. It develops continuum models, governing equations, and analytical and computational methods. Part I. Foundations of Fluid Mechanics Chapter 1. Fluid Description 1.1 Continuum hypothesis 1.2 Properties of fluids 1.3 Fields: velocity, pressure, density 1.4 Eulerian and Lagrangian viewpoints 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Kinematics of Fluids 2.1 Flow maps 2.2 Velocity fields 2.3 Streamlines and pathlines 2.4 Deformation...
78. Optics, Electromagnetic Theory
This volume studies light, electromagnetic fields, and wave propagation. It develops mathematical models for optics and electromagnetism, from Maxwell equations to modern photonics. Part I. Foundations of Electromagnetism Chapter 1. Fields and Sources 1.1 Electric charge 1.2 Electric field 1.3 Magnetic field 1.4 Charge density and current density 1.5 Examples Chapter 2. Vector Calculus for Fields 2.1 Gradient, divergence, curl 2.2 Integral theorems 2.3 Conservative and solenoidal fields 2.4 Boundary...