tag

#syntax

9 pages tagged

Language Learning › Learn Latin › Latin Grammar ›

Latin Syntax

Latin syntax is where the language becomes most challenging and most powerful. This page is a comprehensive reference covering case usage, all major subordinate constructions, indirect discourse, conditionals, and the subjunctive — with worked examples from classical authors throughout. 1. Nominative and Vocative Nominative The nominative is the case of the subject and the predicate noun/adjective . Subject : the noun performing the action of the verb. Latin Translation Caesar...
latin grammar syntax subjunctive ablative-absolute aci conditionals cases genitive dative accusative ablative May 30, 2026
Language Learning › Learn Sindarin › Sindarin Grammar ›

Sindarin Sentence Structure

Basic Word Order: VSO Sindarin is Verb-Subject-Object — the verb typically comes first, then the subject, then the object. This is the same as Classical Arabic, Welsh, and Irish. Position Element Example 1 Verb Cenin (I see) 2 Subject (implied in verb suffix) — (subject encoded in -n suffix) 3 Object galadh / 'aladh (tree) Full sentence: Cenin 'aladh — "I see a tree" When the subject is a named...
sindarin grammar syntax tolkien May 30, 2026
Language Learning › Learn Esperanto › Grammar ›

Sentence Structure

Overview Esperanto's default word order is Subject–Verb–Object (SVO) , the same as English, French, and most European languages. However, unlike those languages, Esperanto marks grammatical relations with case endings , not position. The accusative -n on a noun signals that it is the object, regardless of where it appears in the sentence. This means word order in Esperanto is grammatically free but pragmatically constrained — you move constituents to signal...
esperanto grammar sentence-structure word-order syntax May 30, 2026
Language Learning › Learn Esperanto › Skills ›

Grammar Overview

Esperanto Grammar in Brief Esperanto's grammar can be summarized in 16 rules as written by Zamenhof in the original Fundamento de Esperanto (1905). These rules cover the entire grammatical system — there are no exceptions. Mastering these 16 rules gives you full command of Esperanto grammar. This is not an exaggeration: the 16 rules fit on a single page, and they have remained essentially unchanged for 130 years. The 16...
esperanto grammar 16-rules morphology syntax May 30, 2026
Language Learning › Learn Latin ›

Latin Grammar

Latin grammar is morphologically rich — every noun, adjective, and pronoun marks case and number; every verb marks person, number, tense, mood, and voice. This explicit marking makes word order highly flexible (unlike English) and meaning precise even in complex sentences. Grammar Sections Section Topics Nouns 5 declensions, 7 cases, gender, paradigm tables Adjectives 1st–2nd decl., 3rd decl., comparison (pos./comp./superl.) Pronouns Personal, reflexive, demonstrative, relative, interrogative, indefinite Verbs 4 conjugations,...
latin grammar declensions conjugations syntax May 30, 2026
Maths › 03. Logic and Foundations ›

14.1 Arithmetization

14.1 Arithmetization of Syntax Gödel’s key idea is that syntax can be represented inside arithmetic. Symbols, formulas, and proofs are encoded as natural numbers. Once this is done, statements about formulas become statements about numbers, and a formal system can reason about its own expressions. Coding Symbols Start with a finite alphabet of symbols: $$ {0, S, +, \times, =, (, ), \forall, \exists, \neg, \land, \lor, \to, \dots} $$...
logic godel numbering arithmetization syntax foundations May 2, 2026
Maths › 03. Logic and Foundations ›

13.1 Syntax of Proofs

13.1 Syntax of Proofs A proof system needs a precise notion of proof. Informally, a proof is an argument that shows why a conclusion follows. Formally, a proof is a finite object built according to fixed rules. The syntax of proofs describes the shape of these objects. Formulas and Judgments A proof does not manipulate meanings directly. It manipulates formulas. A typical formula is written: $$ A $$ A derivability...
logic proof theory syntax derivations May 2, 2026
Maths › 03. Logic and Foundations ›

2.1 Terms, Predicates

First order logic extends propositional logic by introducing internal structure inside statements, so that instead of treating statements as atomic objects, we can describe objects, properties of objects, and relations between objects in a precise formal language. Symbols and Signatures To define the language, we begin with a collection of symbols that describe the kinds of objects and operations that are allowed, and this collection is called a signature. A...
logic first order logic syntax terms predicates May 2, 2026
Maths › 03. Logic and Foundations ›

1.1 Syntax

We define the formal language of propositional logic by specifying an alphabet of symbols together with precise rules that determine which expressions are well formed formulas, and this definition is inductive in the sense that every formula is constructed from simpler formulas in a finite number of steps, which ensures that the structure of formulas can always be analyzed in a systematic way. Alphabet The alphabet consists of propositional variables,...
logic propositional logic syntax formulas May 2, 2026