Math 2.0

Category theory; homological algebra Definition

Algebra over an operad

Builds on Symmetric monoidal categorySymmetric groupGroup actionMonoid

Definition

Let (๐’ž,โŠ—,๐Ÿ™)(\mathcal{C}, \otimes, \mathbb{1}) be a symmetric monoidal category, such as sets or topological spaces with the cartesian product. An operad ๐’ช\mathcal{O} in ๐’ž\mathcal{C} consists of objects ๐’ช(n)\mathcal{O}(n) for nโ‰ฅ0n \ge 0 and the following data. There is a right action of the symmetric group ฮฃn\Sigma_n on each ๐’ช(n)\mathcal{O}(n), and a unit ฮทโ€‰โฃ:๐Ÿ™โ†’๐’ช(1)\eta \colon \mathbb{1} \to \mathcal{O}(1). There are composition maps, which are associative, unital and equivariant: ฮณโ€‰โฃ:๐’ช(k)โŠ—๐’ช(j1)โŠ—โ‹ฏโŠ—๐’ช(jk)โ†’๐’ช(j1+โ‹ฏ+jk).\gamma \colon \mathcal{O}(k) \otimes \mathcal{O}(j_1) \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathcal{O}(j_k) \to \mathcal{O}(j_1 + \cdots + j_k). An algebra over ๐’ช\mathcal{O}, or ๐’ช\mathcal{O}-algebra, is an object AA of ๐’ž\mathcal{C} with maps ฮธnโ€‰โฃ:๐’ช(n)โŠ—AโŠ—nโ†’A(nโ‰ฅ0).\theta_n \colon \mathcal{O}(n) \otimes A^{\otimes n} \to A \qquad (n \ge 0). These maps must satisfy three conditions, written here with elements as for sets or spaces:

  1. (associativity) ฮธj(ฮณ(c;d1,โ€ฆ,dk);๐š1,โ€ฆ,๐šk)=ฮธk(c;ฮธj1(d1;๐š1),โ€ฆ,ฮธjk(dk;๐šk))\theta_j(\gamma(c; d_1, \ldots, d_k); \mathbf{a}_1, \ldots, \mathbf{a}_k) = \theta_k(c; \theta_{j_1}(d_1; \mathbf{a}_1), \ldots, \theta_{j_k}(d_k; \mathbf{a}_k)), where j=j1+โ‹ฏ+jkj = j_1 + \cdots + j_k and ๐ši\mathbf{a}_i is a jij_i-tuple of elements of AA;
  2. (unit) ฮธ1(1;a)=a\theta_1(1; a) = a, where 1=ฮท(โˆ—)โˆˆ๐’ช(1)1 = \eta(\ast) \in \mathcal{O}(1);
  3. (equivariance) ฮธn(cโ‹…ฯƒ;a1,โ€ฆ,an)=ฮธn(c;aฯƒโˆ’1(1),โ€ฆ,aฯƒโˆ’1(n))\theta_n(c \cdot \sigma; a_1, \ldots, a_n) = \theta_n(c; a_{\sigma^{-1}(1)}, \ldots, a_{\sigma^{-1}(n)}) for ฯƒโˆˆฮฃn\sigma \in \Sigma_n.

In a general ๐’ž\mathcal{C} the three clauses are the commutativity of the corresponding diagrams.

Remarks

Equivalently, an ๐’ช\mathcal{O}-algebra structure on AA is a morphism of operads ๐’ชโ†’EndA\mathcal{O} \to \mathrm{End}_A, where EndA(n)\mathrm{End}_A(n) is the internal hom from AโŠ—nA^{\otimes n} to AA, when ๐’ž\mathcal{C} is closed.

Example: the commutative operad in sets has ๐’ช(n)={โˆ—}\mathcal{O}(n) = \set{\ast} for every nn. An algebra is a set AA with one map ฮธnโ€‰โฃ:Anโ†’A\theta_n \colon A^n \to A for each nn. Equivariance makes ฮธ2(a,b)=ฮธ2(b,a)\theta_2(a, b) = \theta_2(b, a), the associativity clause makes ฮธ2\theta_2 associative, and ฮธ0\theta_0 picks a unit. So the algebras are exactly the commutative monoids. Likewise the associative operad, with ๐’ช(n)=ฮฃn\mathcal{O}(n) = \Sigma_n, has the monoids as its algebras.

Non-example: take A=โ„คA = \Z and try to make it an algebra over the commutative operad with ฮธ2(a,b)=aโˆ’b\theta_2(a, b) = a - b. Equivariance fails for the transposition, since 1โˆ’0โ‰ 0โˆ’11 - 0 \ne 0 - 1.

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  1. Group action concept
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Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operad_algebra
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Kinddefinition
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MSC18M60, 18M75, 55P48
DefinesAlgebra over an operad
UsesSymmetric monoidal category, Symmetric group, Group action, Monoid

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