Math 2.0

Global analysis, analysis on manifolds Definition

Differential operator between vector bundles

Builds on Smooth manifoldVector bundleSection of a vector bundleLinear PDEExterior derivative

Definition

Let MM be a smooth manifold of dimension nn, and let 𝕂\mathbb{K} be ℝ\R or β„‚\C. Let EE and FF be smooth vector bundles over MM with fibres 𝕂r\mathbb{K}^r and 𝕂s\mathbb{K}^s. Write Ξ“(E)\Gamma(E) for the space of smooth sections of EE. Let mβ‰₯0m \ge 0 be an integer. Consider a linear map P ⁣:Ξ“(E)β†’Ξ“(F)P \colon \Gamma(E) \to \Gamma(F). It is a differential operator of order at most mm if the following holds. Let (U,x1,…,xn)(U, x_1, \ldots, x_n) be any chart of MM over which EE and FF are trivial. In the trivialisations, there are smooth Aα ⁣:U→𝕂sΓ—rA_\alpha \colon U \to \mathbb{K}^{s \times r} for βˆ£Ξ±βˆ£β‰€m\abs{\alpha} \le m with (Pu)(x)=βˆ‘βˆ£Ξ±βˆ£β‰€mAΞ±(x)β€‰βˆ‚Ξ±u(x)forΒ allΒ uβˆˆΞ“(E)Β andΒ x∈U,(P u)(x) = \sum_{\abs{\alpha} \le m} A_\alpha(x) \, \partial^\alpha u(x) \quad \text{for all } u \in \Gamma(E) \text{ and } x \in U, where uu is written on UU as a function U→𝕂rU \to \mathbb{K}^r. The operator has order mm if moreover some AΞ±A_\alpha with ∣α∣=m\abs{\alpha} = m is not identically zero.

Remarks

The condition does not depend on the charts and trivialisations. A change of coordinates or of trivialisation turns a sum of this form into another one of the same order. A differential operator is local: the value of PuPu near a point depends only on uu near that point. By the Peetre theorem, linear local operators are, locally, differential operators.

Example: the exterior derivative d ⁣:Ξ“(Ξ›kTβˆ—M)β†’Ξ“(Ξ›k+1Tβˆ—M)d \colon \Gamma(\Lambda^k T^* M) \to \Gamma(\Lambda^{k+1} T^* M) is a differential operator of order 11. In a chart, d(βˆ‘IfI dxI)=βˆ‘Iβˆ‘jβˆ‚jfI dxj∧dxId(\sum_I f_I \, dx_I) = \sum_I \sum_{j} \partial_j f_I \, dx_j \wedge dx_I, whose coefficients are constant matrices.

Non-example: on the circle S1=ℝ/2Ο€β„€S^1 = \R / 2\pi\Z, the map u↦(∫02Ο€u(t) dt)β‹…1u \mapsto \bigl(\int_0^{2\pi} u(t) \, dt\bigr) \cdot 1 on functions is linear but not a differential operator. It is not local: changing uu on a small interval changes PuPu everywhere.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 7 pages in order. The foundations come first.

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  1. Differential form concept
  2. Linear PDE concept
  3. Section of a vector bundle concept
  4. Smooth manifold concept
  5. Vector bundle concept
  6. Exterior derivative concept
  7. Differential operator between vector bundles definition

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_operator
About this page
TagQQ5F8B8DYC
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Kinddefinition
WritingW0 stub
MSC58J99, 47F05, 35A99
DefinesDifferential operator between vector bundles
UsesSmooth manifold, Vector bundle, Section of a vector bundle, Linear PDE, Exterior derivative

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