Math 2.0

Geometry Projective geometry and linear incidence geometry Example

Non-Desarguesian plane

Builds on Desargues's theoremMoulton plane

Example

A non-Desarguesian plane is a projective plane in which Desargues's theorem does not hold. A concrete one is the projective completion of the Moulton plane. Check: the Moulton plane has triangles ABCABC and A′B′C′A'B'C' in perspective from a point OO. In it AB∥A′B′AB \parallel A'B' and AC∥A′C′AC \parallel A'C', but BCBC is not parallel to B′C′B'C'. Add the line at infinity. Then AB∩A′B′AB \cap A'B' and AC∩A′C′AC \cap A'C' lie on the line at infinity, but BC∩B′C′BC \cap B'C' does not, so the three points are not collinear.

So this plane is not a Desarguesian plane, and it is not isomorphic to ℙ2(D)\mathbb{P}^2(D) for any division ring DD.

Remarks

Every projective plane of order at most 88 is Desarguesian. The smallest non-Desarguesian planes have order 99. There are exactly four projective planes of order 99, and three of them are non-Desarguesian: the Hall plane, its dual and the Hughes plane. The octonionic projective plane is a non-Desarguesian plane that is still a Moufang plane. Every projective plane can be coordinatized by a planar ternary ring, which in a non-Desarguesian plane does not come from a division ring.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 6 pages in order. The foundations come first.

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Each page uses the pages above it. The colour of the bar on a box shows how strong the evidence is, and the box also gives it as text. The list has the same pages.
  • no evidence level
  1. Collinear points concept
  2. Projective plane concept
  3. Projective space concept
  4. Desargues's theorem statement
  5. Moulton plane example
  6. Non-Desarguesian plane example

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Desarguesian_plane
About this page
TagHYE5FT4M34
URIm2://HYE5FT4M34
Kindexample
WritingW0 stub
MSC51A35, 51E15
Instance ofProjective plane
Not an instance ofDesarguesian plane (note: Desargues's theorem fails for two triangles in perspective.)
UsesDesargues's theorem, Moulton plane
Same as

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