Math 2.0

Nonassociative rings and algebras Definition

Quantum enveloping algebra

Builds on Hopf algebraUniversal enveloping algebraRoot of unity

Definition

Let 𝔀\mathfrak{g} be a finite-dimensional complex semisimple Lie algebra with Cartan matrix (aij)1≀i,j≀n(a_{ij})_{1 \le i, j \le n}. Let d1,…,dnd_1, \ldots, d_n be positive integers with diaij=djajid_i a_{ij} = d_j a_{ji} for all i,ji, j. Let qβˆˆβ„‚q \in \C be nonzero and not a root of unity, and put qi=qdiq_i = q^{d_i}. For an integer mβ‰₯0m \ge 0 put [m]q=qmβˆ’qβˆ’mqβˆ’qβˆ’1[m]_{q} = \frac{q^m - q^{-m}}{q - q^{-1}}, [m]q!=[1]q[2]qβ‹―[m]q[m]_q! = [1]_q [2]_q \cdots [m]_q, and [mr]q=[m]q![r]q! [mβˆ’r]q!\left[{m \atop r}\right]_q = \frac{[m]_q!}{[r]_q!\,[m-r]_q!}. The quantum enveloping algebra Uq(𝔀)U_q(\mathfrak{g}) is the β„‚\C-algebra with generators Ei,Fi,Ki,Kiβˆ’1E_i, F_i, K_i, K_i^{-1} for 1≀i≀n1 \le i \le n and relations:

  1. KiKiβˆ’1=Kiβˆ’1Ki=1K_i K_i^{-1} = K_i^{-1} K_i = 1 and KiKj=KjKiK_i K_j = K_j K_i.
  2. KiEjKiβˆ’1=qiaijEjK_i E_j K_i^{-1} = q_i^{a_{ij}} E_j and KiFjKiβˆ’1=qiβˆ’aijFjK_i F_j K_i^{-1} = q_i^{-a_{ij}} F_j.
  3. EiFjβˆ’FjEi=Ξ΄ijKiβˆ’Kiβˆ’1qiβˆ’qiβˆ’1E_i F_j - F_j E_i = \delta_{ij} \dfrac{K_i - K_i^{-1}}{q_i - q_i^{-1}}.
  4. For iβ‰ ji \ne j, with m=1βˆ’aijm = 1 - a_{ij}: βˆ‘r=0m(βˆ’1)r[mr]qiEimβˆ’rEjEir=0\sum_{r=0}^{m} (-1)^r \left[{m \atop r}\right]_{q_i} E_i^{m-r} E_j E_i^{r} = 0, and the same relation with every EE replaced by FF.

It is a Hopf algebra with Ξ”(Ki)=KiβŠ—Ki\Delta(K_i) = K_i \otimes K_i, Ξ”(Ei)=EiβŠ—1+KiβŠ—Ei\Delta(E_i) = E_i \otimes 1 + K_i \otimes E_i and Ξ”(Fi)=FiβŠ—Kiβˆ’1+1βŠ—Fi\Delta(F_i) = F_i \otimes K_i^{-1} + 1 \otimes F_i.

Remarks

Example: for 𝔀=𝔰𝔩2\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{sl}_2 the Cartan matrix is (2)(2), d1=1d_1 = 1, and there is no relation 4. So Uq(𝔰𝔩2)U_q(\mathfrak{sl}_2) is generated by E,F,KΒ±1E, F, K^{\pm 1} with KEKβˆ’1=q2EK E K^{-1} = q^2 E, KFKβˆ’1=qβˆ’2FK F K^{-1} = q^{-2} F and EFβˆ’FE=(Kβˆ’Kβˆ’1)/(qβˆ’qβˆ’1)EF - FE = (K - K^{-1})/(q - q^{-1}). Non-example: the value q=1q = 1 is excluded, since the denominator qiβˆ’qiβˆ’1q_i - q_i^{-1} in relation 3 vanishes. The classical universal enveloping algebra U(𝔀)U(\mathfrak{g}) is recovered only through a limit, or through a version over formal power series in hh with q=ehq = e^h. Sign and normalization conventions differ between textbooks; the coproduct is sometimes replaced by its opposite.

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Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_group, Drinfeld–Jimbo type quantum groups
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MSC17B37, 16T20
DefinesQuantum enveloping algebra
UsesHopf algebra, Universal enveloping algebra, Root of unity

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