Math 2.0

Global analysis, analysis on manifolds Definition

Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket

Builds on Smooth manifoldDifferential formExterior derivativeWedge product of formsDerivationLie bracket of vector fieldsLie derivative

Definition

Let MM be a smooth manifold. Let Ω(M)=⨁kΩk(M)\Omega(M) = \bigoplus_k \Omega^k(M) be the graded algebra of differential forms with the wedge product. Let Ωk(M,TM)\Omega^k(M, TM) be the space of kk-forms with values in TMTM, that is, smooth sections of ΛkT∗M⊗TM\Lambda^k T^*M \otimes TM. A graded derivation of degree jj of Ω(M)\Omega(M) is a linear map DD with D(Ωk)⊆Ωk+jD(\Omega^k) \subseteq \Omega^{k+j} and D(α∧β)=Dα∧β+(−1)jkα∧DβD(\alpha \wedge \beta) = D\alpha \wedge \beta + (-1)^{jk} \alpha \wedge D\beta for α∈Ωk(M)\alpha \in \Omega^k(M). The graded commutator of derivations D1,D2D_1, D_2 of degrees j1,j2j_1, j_2 is [D1,D2]=D1D2−(−1)j1j2D2D1[D_1, D_2] = D_1 D_2 - (-1)^{j_1 j_2} D_2 D_1.

For K∈Ωk(M,TM)K \in \Omega^k(M, TM), let ιK\iota_K be the derivation of degree k−1k - 1 given on decomposable K=α⊗XK = \alpha \otimes X by ιKω=α∧ιXω\iota_K \omega = \alpha \wedge \iota_X \omega. Let ℒK=[ιK,d]=ιKd−(−1)k−1d ιK\mathcal{L}_K = [\iota_K, d] = \iota_K d - (-1)^{k-1} d\, \iota_K, a derivation of degree kk, where dd is the exterior derivative.

For K∈Ωk(M,TM)K \in \Omega^k(M, TM) and L∈Ωl(M,TM)L \in \Omega^l(M, TM), the Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket [K,L]∈Ωk+l(M,TM)[K, L] \in \Omega^{k+l}(M, TM) is the unique element with ℒ[K,L]=[ℒK,ℒL].\mathcal{L}_{[K, L]} = [\mathcal{L}_K, \mathcal{L}_L].

Remarks

The bracket exists and is unique because every graded derivation of Ω(M)\Omega(M) that commutes with dd in the graded sense is ℒK\mathcal{L}_K for exactly one vector-valued form KK. It is graded antisymmetric, [K,L]=−(−1)kl[L,K][K, L] = -(-1)^{kl} [L, K], and satisfies the graded Jacobi identity.

For α∈Ωk(M)\alpha \in \Omega^k(M), β∈Ωl(M)\beta \in \Omega^l(M) and vector fields X,YX, Y, an explicit formula is [α⊗X,β⊗Y]=α∧β⊗[X,Y]+α∧ℒXβ⊗Y−ℒYα∧β⊗X+(−1)k(dα∧ιXβ⊗Y+ιYα∧dβ⊗X).[\alpha \otimes X, \beta \otimes Y] = \alpha \wedge \beta \otimes [X, Y] + \alpha \wedge \mathcal{L}_X \beta \otimes Y - \mathcal{L}_Y \alpha \wedge \beta \otimes X + (-1)^k \big( d\alpha \wedge \iota_X \beta \otimes Y + \iota_Y \alpha \wedge d\beta \otimes X \big).

Example: for k=l=0k = l = 0, take α=β=1\alpha = \beta = 1. The formula gives [X,Y][X, Y], the Lie bracket of vector fields, and ℒX\mathcal{L}_X is the usual Lie derivative. Another example: the identity Id∈Ω1(M,TM)\mathrm{Id} \in \Omega^1(M, TM) has ιIdω=jω\iota_{\mathrm{Id}} \omega = j \omega for ω∈Ωj(M)\omega \in \Omega^j(M). Hence ℒIdω=(j+1)dω−j dω=dω\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{Id}} \omega = (j + 1) d\omega - j\, d\omega = d\omega, so ℒId=d\mathcal{L}_{\mathrm{Id}} = d and [Id,L]=0[\mathrm{Id}, L] = 0 for every LL.

Non-example: the naive rule [α⊗X,β⊗Y]=α∧β⊗[X,Y][\alpha \otimes X, \beta \otimes Y] = \alpha \wedge \beta \otimes [X, Y] does not define a bracket on Ω(M,TM)\Omega(M, TM). For a function ff, the elements fα⊗Xf\alpha \otimes X and α⊗fX\alpha \otimes fX are equal, but the rule gives different results for them, since [fX,Y]≠f[X,Y][fX, Y] \ne f[X, Y] in general.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 8 pages in order. The foundations come first.

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Each page uses the pages above it. The colour of the bar on a box shows how strong the evidence is, and the box also gives it as text. The list has the same pages.
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  1. Derivation concept
  2. Differential form concept
  3. Lie bracket of vector fields concept
  4. Lie derivative concept
  5. Smooth manifold concept
  6. Exterior derivative concept
  7. Wedge product of forms concept
  8. Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket definition

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6licher%E2%80%93Nijenhuis_bracket
About this page
TagX8P0H71EET
URIm2://X8P0H71EET
Kinddefinition
WritingW0 stub
MSC58A10, 53C15, 17B70
DefinesFrölicher–Nijenhuis bracket
UsesSmooth manifold, Differential form, Exterior derivative, Wedge product of forms, Derivation, Lie bracket of vector fields, Lie derivative

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