Math 2.0

Several complex variables and analytic spaces Holomorphic convexity and pseudoconvexity Counterexample

Hartogs triangle

Builds on PseudoconvexityPlurisubharmonic functionPlurisubharmonic exhaustion functionDomain of holomorphyHartogs figureOka's solution of the Levi problem

Counterexample

The Hartogs triangle is the domain H={(z,w)∈ℂ2:∣z∣<∣w∣<1}.H = \set{(z, w) \in \C^2 : \abs{z} < \abs{w} < 1}. It is a bounded pseudoconvex domain whose closure H‾\overline{H} has no basis of pseudoconvex neighbourhoods.

Check that HH is pseudoconvex. On HH the function g(z,w)=z/wg(z, w) = z/w is holomorphic with ∣g∣<1\abs{g} < 1. Let φ(z,w)=−log⁡(1−∣z/w∣2)−log⁡(1−∣w∣2)−log⁡∣w∣.\varphi(z, w) = -\log\big(1 - \abs{z/w}^2\big) - \log\big(1 - \abs{w}^2\big) - \log \abs{w}. The first two terms are plurisubharmonic, since −log⁡(1−∣h∣2)=∑k≥1∣hk∣2/k-\log(1 - \abs{h}^2) = \sum_{k \ge 1} \abs{h^k}^2 / k for a holomorphic hh with ∣h∣<1\abs{h} < 1, and the last term is pluriharmonic. The boundary of HH consists of the points with ∣z∣=∣w∣≤1\abs{z} = \abs{w} \le 1 and the points with ∣w∣=1\abs{w} = 1, ∣z∣≤1\abs{z} \le 1. All three terms are nonnegative on HH. Near the first part the first term tends to +∞+\infty, except at the origin, where the last term does. Near the second part the second term tends to +∞+\infty. So φ\varphi is a continuous plurisubharmonic exhaustion function, and HH is pseudoconvex, hence a domain of holomorphy by Oka's theorem.

Check the neighbourhoods. Let UU be an open set containing H‾={∣z∣≤∣w∣≤1}\overline{H} = \set{\abs{z} \le \abs{w} \le 1}. Since H‾\overline{H} is compact, UU contains, for some ε>0\varepsilon > 0, the set {∣z∣<ε,∣w∣<1+ε}\set{\abs{z} < \varepsilon, \abs{w} < 1 + \varepsilon} and the set {∣z∣<1+ε,1−ε<∣w∣<1+ε}\set{\abs{z} < 1 + \varepsilon, 1 - \varepsilon < \abs{w} < 1 + \varepsilon}. The union of these two sets is a Hartogs figure. Let ff be holomorphic on UU. The Laurent series of w↦f(z,w)w \mapsto f(z, w) on the annulus has no negative powers when ∣z∣<ε\abs{z} < \varepsilon. Its coefficients are holomorphic in zz, so by the identity theorem it has none when ∣z∣<1\abs{z} < 1. So ff extends holomorphically to the bidisc {∣z∣<1,∣w∣<1+ε}\set{\abs{z} < 1, \abs{w} < 1 + \varepsilon}. Hence any domain of holomorphy that contains H‾\overline{H} contains the whole unit bidisc, and the pseudoconvex neighbourhoods of H‾\overline{H} cannot shrink to H‾\overline{H}.

Remarks

The boundary of HH is not a Lipschitz graph near the origin, and this singular point is the source of the pathology. For bounded pseudoconvex domains with smooth boundary, the closure can still fail to have a pseudoconvex neighbourhood basis. The examples are much harder, such as the worm domains of Diederich and Fornæss.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 13 pages in order. The foundations come first.

Show the path as a graph
Each page uses the pages above it. The colour of the bar on a box shows how strong the evidence is, and the box also gives it as text. The list has the same pages.
  • no evidence level
  1. Domain of holomorphy concept
  2. Holomorphic function of several variables concept
  3. Holomorphically convex domain concept
  4. Holomorphically convex hull concept
  5. Levi form concept
  6. Plurisubharmonic exhaustion function concept
  7. Plurisubharmonic function concept
  8. Polydisc concept
  9. Pseudoconvexity concept
  10. Cartan–Thullen theorem statement
  11. Hartogs figure example
  12. Oka's solution of the Levi problem statement
  13. Hartogs triangle counterexample

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoconvexity
About this page
TagCNADH7BENS
URIm2://CNADH7BENS
Kindcounterexample
WritingW0 stub
MSC32T05, 32Q02
UsesPseudoconvexity, Plurisubharmonic function, Plurisubharmonic exhaustion function, Domain of holomorphy, Hartogs figure, Oka's solution of the Levi problem

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