Math 2.0

Special functions Proposition

The complex exponential is 2πi-periodic

Builds on Complex exponentialProduct of exponentialsEuler's formula

Statement

For each z∈ℂz \in \mathbb{C}, ez+2πi=ez,e^{z + 2 \pi i} = e^{z}, where eze^z is the complex exponential of zz.

Remarks

Proof: by Euler's formula, e2πi=cos⁡2π+isin⁡2π=1e^{2 \pi i} = \cos 2\pi + i \sin 2\pi = 1. By the product of exponentials, ez+2πi=eze2πi=eze^{z + 2\pi i} = e^z e^{2\pi i} = e^z. The periods of exp⁡\exp are exactly the numbers 2πik2 \pi i k with k∈ℤk \in \mathbb{Z}, by exp z = 1 iff z is in 2πiZ. So exp⁡\exp is not injective on ℂ\mathbb{C}. It is injective on each horizontal strip {z:a<Im⁡z≤a+2π}\{z : a < \operatorname{Im} z \le a + 2\pi\} with a∈ℝa \in \mathbb{R}.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 5 pages in order. The foundations come first.

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  1. Complex numbers object
  2. Complex exponential definition
  3. Euler's formula statement
  4. Product of exponentials statement
  5. The complex exponential is 2πi-periodic statement

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_function, Complex exponential
About this page
Tag02P2PYH3X3
URIm2://02P2PYH3X3
Aliasesperiodicity-of-the-exponential
Kindstatement, proposition
WritingW0 stub
MSC33B10
StatusThis copy of the site has no build data. Run m2 status 02P2PYH3X3.
UsesComplex exponential, Product of exponentials, Euler's formula

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