Math 2.0

Statistics Hypothesis testing Concept

Student's t-test

Builds on Statistical hypothesis testStudent's t-distributionSample meanSample varianceNormal distribution

Summary

A Student's t-test is a hypothesis test whose test statistic has Student's t-distribution under the null hypothesis. It mostly tests hypotheses about the means of normal populations with unknown variance. In the one-sample t-test, X1,…,XnX_1, \dots, X_n are i.i.d. 𝒩(μ,σ2)\mathcal{N}(\mu, \sigma^2) with unknown σ\sigma, and H0 ⁣:μ=μ0H_0 \colon \mu = \mu_0. The statistic is t=Xˉn−μ0Sn/n,t = \frac{\bar{X}_n - \mu_0}{S_n / \sqrt{n}}, with the sample mean Xˉn\bar{X}_n and the sample standard deviation SnS_n. Under H0H_0, t∼tn−1t \sim t_{n - 1}.

Remarks

The two-sample t-test compares the means of two independent normal samples with sizes n1n_1, n2n_2 and equal variances. It uses the pooled standard deviation sps_p and t=(Xˉ1−Xˉ2)/(sp1/n1+1/n2)t = (\bar{X}_1 - \bar{X}_2) / \big(s_p \sqrt{1/n_1 + 1/n_2}\big), with n1+n2−2n_1 + n_2 - 2 degrees of freedom. For two samples with unequal variances, Welch's t-test uses an approximate number of degrees of freedom. The paired t-test is the one-sample t-test applied to the differences of paired observations. For large samples, the t-test gives almost the same results as a test with the normal law, because tνt_\nu approaches 𝒩(0,1)\mathcal{N}(0, 1).

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 81 pages in order. The foundations come first.

  1. Construction of the reals from Cauchy sequences concept
  2. Element definition
  3. Integers object
  4. Ordered field definition
  5. Proposition concept
  6. Random experiment concept
  7. Rational numbers object
  8. Real numbers object
  9. Set definition
  10. Ring of integers statement
  11. Disjunction definition
  12. Implication definition
  13. Predicate definition
  14. Ordered pair definition
  15. Union definition
  16. Sample space definition
  17. The rationals form a field statement
  18. Existential quantifier definition
  19. Universal quantifier definition
  20. Cartesian product definition
  21. Subset definition
  22. The rationals form an ordered field statement
  23. Uniqueness quantifier definition
  24. Binary relation definition
  25. Universal set definition
  26. Order on the reals definition
  27. Power set definition
  28. Complement definition
  29. Function definition
  30. Interval definition
  31. Indicator function definition
  32. Injective function definition
  33. Preimage of a set definition
  34. Sigma-algebra definition
  35. Countable set definition
  36. Event definition
  37. Borel sigma-algebra definition
  38. Probability axioms concept
  39. Probability measure definition
  40. Dirac measure definition
  41. Probability distribution definition
  42. Probability space definition
  43. Conditional probability definition
  44. Random variable definition
  45. Discrete random variable definition
  46. Cumulative distribution function definition
  47. Independence of two events definition
  48. Law of a random variable definition
  49. Random variable with a density definition
  50. Joint probability distribution definition
  51. Independence of two random variables definition
  52. Mutual independence of events definition
  53. Expected value definition
  54. Probability density function definition
  55. Identically distributed random variables definition
  56. Marginal distribution definition
  57. Variance definition
  58. Independent sigma-algebras definition
  59. Linearity of expectation statement
  60. Cauchy distribution definition
  61. Density of the normal distribution definition
  62. Exponential distribution definition
  63. Independence means the joint law is the product of the marginals statement
  64. Independence of random variables definition
  65. Covariance definition
  66. Normal distribution definition
  67. Gamma distribution definition
  68. Expectation of a product of independent random variables statement
  69. Variance of a sum statement
  70. Independent and identically distributed random variables definition
  71. Independent random variables are uncorrelated statement
  72. Statistic definition
  73. Variance of a sum of independent random variables statement
  74. Statistical hypothesis test concept
  75. Estimator definition
  76. Sample mean definition
  77. Bias of an estimator definition
  78. Sample variance definition
  79. Chi-squared distribution definition
  80. Student's t-distribution definition
  81. Student's t-test concept

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student's_t-test, Uses
  2. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student's_t-test, Calculations
About this page
Tag0HYP606RYF
URIm2://0HYP606RYF
Aliasest-test, students-t-test, one-sample-t-test, two-sample-t-test
Kindconcept
WritingW0 stub
MSC62F03
SpecializesStatistical hypothesis test
UsesStatistical hypothesis test, Student's t-distribution, Sample mean, Sample variance, Normal distribution
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