Proof that the kernel is a normal subgroup

Proof

1. Let $\varphi : G \to H$ be a group homomorphism, and let $K = \ker \varphi$ be its kernel.
2. $\varphi(e) = e$ and $\varphi(b^{-1}) = \varphi(b)^{-1}$. Thus $e \in K$, and $K$ is not empty.
3. Let $a, b \in K$. Then $\varphi(ab^{-1}) = \varphi(a)\varphi(b)^{-1} = e e^{-1} = e$, so $ab^{-1} \in K$. Thus $K$ is a subgroup of $G$.
4. Let $k \in K$ and $g \in G$. Then $\varphi(gkg^{-1}) = \varphi(g)\, e\, \varphi(g)^{-1} = e$.
5. Thus $gKg^{-1} \subseteq K$ for all $g \in G$, and $K$ is a normal subgroup of $G$.