Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces Convergence of Fourier series Counterexample
Continuous function with divergent Fourier series
Builds on Convergence of Fourier seriesLebesgue constants of the Dirichlet kernelUniform boundedness principleFourier seriesContinuous functionBaire category theorem
Counterexample
There is a continuous -periodic function whose Fourier series diverges at ; in fact .
Check: let be the Banach space of continuous -periodic functions with the supremum norm. For each , the map is a bounded linear functional on , where is the Dirichlet kernel. Its norm is the Lebesgue constant , and . If were finite for every , the uniform boundedness principle would give , which is false. So some has , and its Fourier series diverges at .
Remarks
The Baire category theorem behind the uniform boundedness principle gives more: the set of with is a dense subset of . Paul du Bois-Reymond gave the first such function in 1873, by an explicit construction. Continuity is thus not enough for pointwise convergence, while bounded variation or a Dini condition is. The divergence can happen only on a set of measure zero for , by Carleson's theorem. By the Kahane–Katznelson theorem, every set of measure zero is the divergence set of some continuous function. For integrable functions, Kolmogorov's example diverges everywhere.
Reading path
To understand this page from the ground up, read these 52 pages in order. The foundations come first.
- Banach space concept
- Continuous function concept
- Continuous linear map concept
- Convergence of Fourier series concept
- Dirichlet kernel concept
- Element definition
- Extended real number line object
- Fourier series concept
- Normed vector space concept
- Operator norm concept
- Proposition concept
- Real numbers object
- Set bounded above definition
- Lebesgue constants of the Dirichlet kernel statement
- Uniform boundedness principle statement
- Set definition
- Conjunction definition
- Disjunction definition
- Implication definition
- Predicate definition
- Supremum definition
- Empty set object
- Family of sets definition
- Ordered pair definition
- Intersection definition
- Union definition
- Existential quantifier definition
- Universal quantifier definition
- Cartesian product definition
- Union of a family of sets definition
- Subset definition
- Uniqueness quantifier definition
- Binary relation definition
- Topological space definition
- Universal set definition
- Function definition
- Complement definition
- Injective function definition
- Metric space definition
- Countable set definition
- Convergence of a sequence in a metric space definition
- Open ball definition
- Diameter of a set definition
- Metric topology definition
- Epsilon characterisation of Cauchy sequences statement
- Open set definition
- Complete metric space definition
- Closed set definition
- Interior definition
- Baire space definition
- Baire category theorem statement
- Continuous function with divergent Fourier series counterexample
Further reading
About this page
| Tag | FPDWWD12FE |
|---|---|
| URI | m2://FPDWWD12FE |
| Kind | counterexample |
| Writing | W0 stub |
| MSC | 42A20, 46B99 |
| Uses | Convergence of Fourier series, Lebesgue constants of the Dirichlet kernel, Uniform boundedness principle, Fourier series, Continuous function, Baire category theorem |
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