Math 2.0

Harmonic analysis on Euclidean spaces Convergence of Fourier series Counterexample

Continuous function with divergent Fourier series

Builds on Convergence of Fourier seriesLebesgue constants of the Dirichlet kernelUniform boundedness principleFourier seriesContinuous functionBaire category theorem

Counterexample

There is a continuous 2π2\pi-periodic function f ⁣:ℝ→ℂf \colon \R \to \C whose Fourier series diverges at 00; in fact sup⁡N∣SNf(0)∣=∞\sup_N \abs{S_N f(0)} = \infty.

Check: let C(𝕋)C(\mathbb{T}) be the Banach space of continuous 2π2\pi-periodic functions with the supremum norm. For each NN, the map ΛN(f)=SNf(0)=12π∫−ππf(t)DN(t) dt\Lambda_N(f) = S_N f(0) = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} f(t) D_N(t) \, dt is a bounded linear functional on C(𝕋)C(\mathbb{T}), where DND_N is the Dirichlet kernel. Its norm is the Lebesgue constant LN=12π∫−ππ∣DN∣L_N = \frac{1}{2\pi} \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \abs{D_N}, and LN→∞L_N \to \infty. If sup⁡N∣ΛN(f)∣\sup_N \abs{\Lambda_N(f)} were finite for every f∈C(𝕋)f \in C(\mathbb{T}), the uniform boundedness principle would give sup⁡NLN<∞\sup_N L_N < \infty, which is false. So some f∈C(𝕋)f \in C(\mathbb{T}) has sup⁡N∣SNf(0)∣=∞\sup_N \abs{S_N f(0)} = \infty, and its Fourier series diverges at 00.

Remarks

The Baire category theorem behind the uniform boundedness principle gives more: the set of f∈C(𝕋)f \in C(\mathbb{T}) with sup⁡N∣SNf(0)∣=∞\sup_N \abs{S_N f(0)} = \infty is a dense GδG_\delta subset of C(𝕋)C(\mathbb{T}). Paul du Bois-Reymond gave the first such function in 1873, by an explicit construction. Continuity is thus not enough for pointwise convergence, while bounded variation or a Dini condition is. The divergence can happen only on a set of measure zero for f∈L2f \in L^2, by Carleson's theorem. By the Kahane–Katznelson theorem, every set of measure zero is the divergence set of some continuous function. For integrable functions, Kolmogorov's example diverges everywhere.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 52 pages in order. The foundations come first.

  1. Banach space concept
  2. Continuous function concept
  3. Continuous linear map concept
  4. Convergence of Fourier series concept
  5. Dirichlet kernel concept
  6. Element definition
  7. Extended real number line object
  8. Fourier series concept
  9. Normed vector space concept
  10. Operator norm concept
  11. Proposition concept
  12. Real numbers object
  13. Set bounded above definition
  14. Lebesgue constants of the Dirichlet kernel statement
  15. Uniform boundedness principle statement
  16. Set definition
  17. Conjunction definition
  18. Disjunction definition
  19. Implication definition
  20. Predicate definition
  21. Supremum definition
  22. Empty set object
  23. Family of sets definition
  24. Ordered pair definition
  25. Intersection definition
  26. Union definition
  27. Existential quantifier definition
  28. Universal quantifier definition
  29. Cartesian product definition
  30. Union of a family of sets definition
  31. Subset definition
  32. Uniqueness quantifier definition
  33. Binary relation definition
  34. Topological space definition
  35. Universal set definition
  36. Function definition
  37. Complement definition
  38. Injective function definition
  39. Metric space definition
  40. Countable set definition
  41. Convergence of a sequence in a metric space definition
  42. Open ball definition
  43. Diameter of a set definition
  44. Metric topology definition
  45. Epsilon characterisation of Cauchy sequences statement
  46. Open set definition
  47. Complete metric space definition
  48. Closed set definition
  49. Interior definition
  50. Baire space definition
  51. Baire category theorem statement
  52. Continuous function with divergent Fourier series counterexample

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_of_Fourier_series
About this page
TagFPDWWD12FE
URIm2://FPDWWD12FE
Kindcounterexample
WritingW0 stub
MSC42A20, 46B99
UsesConvergence of Fourier series, Lebesgue constants of the Dirichlet kernel, Uniform boundedness principle, Fourier series, Continuous function, Baire category theorem

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