pi
Builds on Sine and cosineIntermediate value theoremDerivative of cosine
Description
The cosine function has exactly one zero in the interval . The number is twice this zero. So , and
Remarks
A zero exists by the intermediate value theorem, since and . It is unique because is strictly decreasing on , by its derivative .
With this definition, is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, and the area of the unit disc.
Mathlib defines Real.pi in the same way, as twice the zero of in .
William Jones first used the letter for this ratio, in 1706. Around 250 BC, Archimedes approximated with regular polygons.
Reading path
To understand this page from the ground up, read these 56 pages in order. The foundations come first.
- Limit point of a set definition
- Local maximum definition
- Sequence definition
- Limit of a function definition
- Local minimum definition
- Real sequence definition
- Subsequence definition
- Continuity at a point definition
- Derivative definition
- Bounded sequence definition
- Cauchy sequence definition
- Geometric sequence definition
- Limit of a sequence definition
- Monotone sequence definition
- Series definition
- Continuous function definition
- Fermat's theorem on stationary points statement
- Limit superior definition
- Cauchy sequences are bounded statement
- Sum of a finite geometric series statement
- Monotone convergence theorem for sequences statement
- Every sequence has a monotone subsequence statement
- Convergent sequence definition
- Pointwise convergence definition
- Squeeze theorem statement
- Partial sum definition
- Power series definition
- Intermediate value theorem statement
- Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem statement
- The sequence r^n tends to zero for |r| < 1 example
- Radius of convergence definition
- Convergent series definition
- Uniform convergence definition
- Sine and cosine definition
- Boundedness theorem statement
- Cauchy criterion for sequences statement
- Uniform convergence on a set definition
- Absolute convergence definition
- A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded statement
- Series of functions definition
- Sum of a series definition
- Extreme value theorem statement
- Uniformly Cauchy sequence of functions definition
- Comparison test statement
- Geometric series example
- Rolle's theorem statement
- Root test statement
- Weierstrass M-test statement
- Mean value theorem statement
- Cauchy–Hadamard theorem statement
- Power series converge uniformly on smaller discs inside the radius of convergence statement
- Uniform convergence of derivatives allows term-by-term differentiation statement
- Term-by-term differentiation statement
- Power series are differentiable inside the radius of convergence statement
- Derivative of cosine statement
- pi object
Where this leads
16 pages build on this one.
- cos pi = -1
- Inverse trigonometric functions
- Leibniz formula for pi
- Arcsine
- Basel problem
- Derivative of arcsine
- Stirling's formula
- Sine is 2π-periodic
- Irrationality of pi
- pi is greater than 3
- Arccosine
- Power series of arctangent
- Ramanujan's series for 1/pi
- Viète's formula
- Basel problem via Fourier series
- Chudnovsky algorithm
Further reading
- Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi, Definition
About this page
| Tag | 0C1VYVNV2N |
|---|---|
| URI | m2://0C1VYVNV2N |
| Aliases | archimedes-constant |
| Kind | object |
| Writing | W1 stated |
| MSC | 11Y60, 33B10 |
| Uses | Sine and cosine, Intermediate value theorem, Derivative of cosine |
| Same as |
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What this page needs for W2
- section Invariants: a table of the main invariants (0 of 1)
- edge instance_of out (0 of 1)
The writing levels say how complete the text of a page is. They do not measure its truth.
What links here
Used by
- cos pi = -1
- Leibniz formula for pi
- Arcsine
- Basel problem
- Stirling's formula
- Irrationality of pi
- pi is greater than 3
- Arccosine
- Ramanujan's series for 1/pi
- Viète's formula
- Chudnovsky algorithm