Math 2.0

Number theory Proposition

pi is greater than 3

Builds on piPower series of cosineAlternating series test

Statement

π>3.\pi > 3.

Remarks

The cosine series alternates. At x=3/2x = 3/2, its terms decrease in size from the term x4/4!x^4/4! on. So cos⁡(3/2)≥1−x22+x424−x6720\cos(3/2) \ge 1 - \frac{x^2}{2} + \frac{x^4}{24} - \frac{x^6}{720} at x=3/2x = 3/2. This is about 0.070>00.070 > 0. Since cos⁡2<0\cos 2 < 0, the zero of cos⁡\cos in [0,2][0, 2] lies in (3/2,2)(3/2, 2). So π/2>3/2\pi/2 > 3/2. Archimedes proved the sharper bounds 22371<π<227\frac{223}{71} < \pi < \frac{22}{7}. Mathlib states the claim as Real.pi_gt_three.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 70 pages in order. The foundations come first.

  1. Limit point of a set definition
  2. Local maximum definition
  3. Sequence definition
  4. Limit of a function definition
  5. Local minimum definition
  6. Real sequence definition
  7. Subsequence definition
  8. Continuity at a point definition
  9. Derivative definition
  10. Bounded sequence definition
  11. Cauchy sequence definition
  12. Geometric sequence definition
  13. Limit of a sequence definition
  14. Monotone sequence definition
  15. Series definition
  16. Continuous function definition
  17. Differentiable function definition
  18. Fermat's theorem on stationary points statement
  19. Limit superior definition
  20. Cauchy sequences are bounded statement
  21. Sum of a finite geometric series statement
  22. Monotone convergence theorem for sequences statement
  23. Every sequence has a monotone subsequence statement
  24. Convergent sequence definition
  25. Pointwise convergence definition
  26. Squeeze theorem statement
  27. Alternating series definition
  28. Partial sum definition
  29. Power series definition
  30. Intermediate value theorem statement
  31. Derivative function definition
  32. Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem statement
  33. The sequence r^n tends to zero for |r| < 1 example
  34. Radius of convergence definition
  35. Alternating series test statement
  36. Convergent series definition
  37. Uniform convergence definition
  38. Sine and cosine definition
  39. Boundedness theorem statement
  40. Higher derivative definition
  41. Cauchy criterion for sequences statement
  42. Absolute convergence definition
  43. Uniform convergence on a set definition
  44. Series of functions definition
  45. A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded statement
  46. Sum of a series definition
  47. Extreme value theorem statement
  48. Continuously differentiable function definition
  49. Taylor polynomial definition
  50. Uniformly Cauchy sequence of functions definition
  51. Geometric series example
  52. Comparison test statement
  53. Rolle's theorem statement
  54. Smooth function definition
  55. Root test statement
  56. Ratio test statement
  57. Weierstrass M-test statement
  58. Mean value theorem statement
  59. Cauchy–Hadamard theorem statement
  60. Ratio formula for the radius of convergence statement
  61. Taylor series definition
  62. Power series converge uniformly on smaller discs inside the radius of convergence statement
  63. Maclaurin series definition
  64. Uniform convergence of derivatives allows term-by-term differentiation statement
  65. Term-by-term differentiation statement
  66. Power series of cosine statement
  67. Power series are differentiable inside the radius of convergence statement
  68. Derivative of cosine statement
  69. pi object
  70. pi is greater than 3 statement

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_pi, Early history
About this page
Tag0R7SVNYTJS
URIm2://0R7SVNYTJS
Kindstatement, proposition
WritingW0 stub
MSC11Y60
StatusThis copy of the site has no build data. Run m2 status 0R7SVNYTJS.
Usespi, Power series of cosine, Alternating series test

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