Math 2.0

Real functions Concept

Integration by partial fractions

Builds on Rational functionIntegral of 1/xArctangent

Summary

Integration by partial fractions is a method to integrate rational functions. We write the rational function as a polynomial plus a sum of simple fractions. Each simple fraction has a known antiderivative.

Remarks

Over ℝ\mathbb{R}, the simple fractions have the forms A(x−r)k\frac{A}{(x - r)^k} and Bx+C(x2+px+q)k\frac{B x + C}{(x^2 + p x + q)^k}, with p2<4qp^2 < 4 q. Their antiderivatives use powers, the logarithm, and the arctangent. For example, 1x2−1=12(1x−1−1x+1)\frac{1}{x^2 - 1} = \frac{1}{2} \Big( \frac{1}{x - 1} - \frac{1}{x + 1} \Big). So every rational function has an elementary antiderivative.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 78 pages in order. The foundations come first.

  1. Limit point of a set definition
  2. Local maximum definition
  3. Partition of an interval definition
  4. Sequence definition
  5. Strictly monotone function definition
  6. Limit of a function definition
  7. Local minimum definition
  8. Mesh of a partition definition
  9. Riemann sum definition
  10. Real sequence definition
  11. Subsequence definition
  12. Continuity at a point definition
  13. Derivative definition
  14. One-sided limit definition
  15. Riemann integrable function definition
  16. Bounded sequence definition
  17. Geometric sequence definition
  18. Limit of a sequence definition
  19. Monotone sequence definition
  20. Series definition
  21. Continuous function definition
  22. Epsilon-delta definition of continuity statement
  23. Fermat's theorem on stationary points statement
  24. Sum of a finite geometric series statement
  25. Monotone convergence theorem for sequences statement
  26. Convergent sequence definition
  27. Epsilon-N definition of the limit of a sequence statement
  28. Every sequence has a monotone subsequence statement
  29. Sequential continuity definition
  30. Squeeze theorem statement
  31. Cauchy product definition
  32. Partial sum definition
  33. Power series definition
  34. Intermediate value theorem statement
  35. Composition of continuous functions is continuous statement
  36. Continuity is equivalent to sequential continuity statement
  37. One-sided limits of a monotone function exist statement
  38. Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem statement
  39. Convergent sequences are bounded statement
  40. The sequence r^n tends to zero for |r| < 1 example
  41. Convergent series definition
  42. Radius of convergence definition
  43. Sine and cosine definition
  44. Chain rule statement
  45. Boundedness theorem statement
  46. Continuity of the inverse of a strictly monotone continuous function statement
  47. Limit of a product of sequences statement
  48. A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded statement
  49. Absolute convergence definition
  50. Sum of a series definition
  51. Tangent function definition
  52. Extreme value theorem statement
  53. Derivative of an inverse function statement
  54. Product of continuous functions is continuous statement
  55. Comparison test statement
  56. Arctangent definition
  57. Limit of a quotient of sequences statement
  58. Geometric series example
  59. Cauchy product of absolutely convergent series statement
  60. Polynomial functions are continuous statement
  61. Rolle's theorem statement
  62. Quotient of continuous functions is continuous statement
  63. Ratio test statement
  64. Mean value theorem statement
  65. Rational function definition
  66. Ratio formula for the radius of convergence statement
  67. A function with positive derivative is strictly increasing statement
  68. Second fundamental theorem of calculus statement
  69. The exponential series has infinite radius of convergence statement
  70. Exponential function definition
  71. Exponential of a sum statement
  72. The exponential function is positive statement
  73. The exponential function is its own derivative statement
  74. The exponential function is strictly increasing statement
  75. Natural logarithm definition
  76. Derivative of the logarithm statement
  77. Integral of 1/x statement
  78. Integration by partial fractions concept

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_fraction_decomposition, Application to symbolic integration
About this page
Tag0WBTWFXJQG
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Kindconcept
WritingW0 stub
MSC26A36
UsesRational function, Integral of 1/x, Arctangent

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