Math 2.0

Real functions Theorem

Vector calculus identities

Builds on GradientDivergenceCurlLaplacianDel operatorCurl of a gradient is zeroDivergence of a curl is zero

Statement

Let U⊆ℝ3U \subseteq \mathbb{R}^3 be open, let ϕ,ψ ⁣:U→ℝ\phi, \psi \colon U \to \mathbb{R} be scalar fields, and let A ⁣:U→ℝ3A \colon U \to \mathbb{R}^3 be a vector field. If these fields are of class C1C^1, then ∇(ϕψ)=ϕ∇ψ+ψ∇ϕ,∇⋅(ψA)=ψ ∇⋅A+∇ψ⋅A,∇×(ψA)=ψ ∇×A+∇ψ×A.\nabla (\phi \psi) = \phi \nabla \psi + \psi \nabla \phi, \qquad \nabla \cdot (\psi A) = \psi \, \nabla \cdot A + \nabla \psi \cdot A, \qquad \nabla \times (\psi A) = \psi \, \nabla \times A + \nabla \psi \times A. If these fields are of class C2C^2, then ∇×(∇ϕ)=0,∇⋅(∇×A)=0,∇×(∇×A)=∇(∇⋅A)−ΔA,\nabla \times (\nabla \phi) = 0, \qquad \nabla \cdot (\nabla \times A) = 0, \qquad \nabla \times (\nabla \times A) = \nabla (\nabla \cdot A) - \Delta A, where ΔA\Delta A applies the Laplacian to each component of AA.

Remarks

Here ∇ϕ\nabla \phi is the gradient, ∇⋅A\nabla \cdot A the divergence, ∇×A\nabla \times A the curl, and Δ\Delta the Laplacian. The product rules follow from the product rule for partial derivatives, applied to each component. The identities curl of a gradient is zero and divergence of a curl is zero follow from the symmetry of second derivatives. Also, ∇⋅(∇ϕ)=Δϕ\nabla \cdot (\nabla \phi) = \Delta \phi and Δ(ϕψ)=ϕΔψ+2∇ϕ⋅∇ψ+ψΔϕ\Delta (\phi \psi) = \phi \Delta \psi + 2 \nabla \phi \cdot \nabla \psi + \psi \Delta \phi.

Reading path

To understand this page from the ground up, read these 34 pages in order. The foundations come first.

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Euclidean space, object, no evidence levelEuclidean spaceobjectFunction, concept, no evidence levelFunctionconceptFréchet derivative, definition, no evidence levelFréchet derivativedefinitionTotal derivative, concept, no evidence levelTotal derivativeconceptFunction of several variables, concept, no evidence levelFunction of several v…conceptVector-valued function, concept, no evidence levelVector-valued functionconceptLimit of a function of several variables, concept, no evidence levelLimit of a function o…conceptDifferentiable function of several variables, concept, no evidence levelDifferentiable functi…conceptVector field, concept, no evidence levelVector fieldconceptPartial derivative, concept, no evidence levelPartial derivativeconceptContinuity in R^n, definition, no evidence levelContinuity in R^ndefinitionDifferentiable function of several variables, definition, no evidence levelDifferentiable functi…definitionPartial derivative, definition, no evidence levelPartial derivativedefinitionGradient, concept, no evidence levelGradientconceptCurl, concept, no evidence levelCurlconceptDivergence, concept, no evidence levelDivergenceconceptDifferentiable on an open set, definition, no evidence levelDifferentiable on an …definitionGradient, definition, no evidence levelGradientdefinitionHigher partial derivatives, definition, no evidence levelHigher partial deriva…definitionJacobian matrix, definition, no evidence levelJacobian matrixdefinitionLaplacian, concept, no evidence levelLaplacianconceptIterated derivative, definition, no evidence levelIterated derivativedefinitionDel operator, concept, no evidence levelDel operatorconceptC^k function characterised by continuous derivatives, statement, no evidence levelC^k function characte…statementSymmetry of second derivatives, statement, no evidence levelSymmetry of second de…statementSchwarz's theorem for C^2 functions, statement, no evidence levelSchwarz's theorem for…statementVector field, definition, no evidence levelVector fielddefinitionConservative vector field, definition, no evidence levelConservative vector f…definitionCurl, definition, no evidence levelCurldefinitionDivergence, definition, no evidence levelDivergencedefinitionCurl of a gradient is zero, statement, no evidence levelCurl of a gradient is…statementDivergence of a curl is zero, statement, no evidence levelDivergence of a curl …statementLaplacian, definition, no evidence levelLaplaciandefinitionVector calculus identities, statement, no evidence levelVector calculus ident…statement
Each page uses the pages above it. The colour of the bar on a box shows how strong the evidence is, and the box also gives it as text. The list has the same pages.
  • no evidence level
  1. Euclidean space object
  2. Function concept
  3. Fréchet derivative definition
  4. Total derivative concept
  5. Function of several variables concept
  6. Vector-valued function concept
  7. Limit of a function of several variables concept
  8. Differentiable function of several variables concept
  9. Vector field concept
  10. Partial derivative concept
  11. Continuity in R^n definition
  12. Differentiable function of several variables definition
  13. Partial derivative definition
  14. Gradient concept
  15. Curl concept
  16. Divergence concept
  17. Differentiable on an open set definition
  18. Gradient definition
  19. Higher partial derivatives definition
  20. Jacobian matrix definition
  21. Laplacian concept
  22. Iterated derivative definition
  23. Del operator concept
  24. C^k function characterised by continuous derivatives statement
  25. Symmetry of second derivatives statement
  26. Schwarz's theorem for C^2 functions statement
  27. Vector field definition
  28. Conservative vector field definition
  29. Curl definition
  30. Divergence definition
  31. Curl of a gradient is zero statement
  32. Divergence of a curl is zero statement
  33. Laplacian definition
  34. Vector calculus identities statement

Further reading

  1. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus_identities, Product rule for multiplication by a scalar
  2. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus_identities, Second derivative identities
  3. Web https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus_identities, Curl of curl
About this page
Tag0JC5X4HWR2
URIm2://0JC5X4HWR2
Aliasesproduct-rules-for-grad-div-curl
Kindstatement, theorem
WritingW0 stub
MSC26B12
StatusThis copy of the site has no build data. Run m2 status 0JC5X4HWR2.
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